[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2262},["ShallowReactive",2],{"page:\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fserverless-functions-for-static-sites\u002Frate-limiting-edge-functions":3,"all-docs-nav":1115,"filed:\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fserverless-functions-for-static-sites\u002Frate-limiting-edge-functions":2256},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"breadcrumb":1091,"dateModified":1101,"datePublished":1101,"description":1102,"extension":1103,"faq":1104,"meta":1109,"navigation":346,"path":1110,"seo":1111,"slug":12,"stem":1112,"type":1113,"__hash__":1114},"content\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fserverless-functions-for-static-sites\u002Frate-limiting-edge-functions\u002Findex.md","Rate Limiting Edge Functions",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":1071},"minimark",[9,13,17,26,31,58,62,65,136,139,270,274,277,286,289,293,296,376,574,577,722,726,729,758,762,769,773,776,861,865,871,875,948,952,984,988,991,995,1000,1003,1007,1010,1014,1017,1021,1024,1028,1067],[10,11,5],"h1",{"id":12},"rate-limiting-edge-functions",[14,15,16],"p",{},"A static site's pages cannot be overloaded in any meaningful sense — they are files on a CDN. Its handful of dynamic endpoints can. The contact form posts to a function that sends email; the newsletter signup calls an email provider's API; a feedback button writes to a database; a search endpoint proxies a paid API. Within weeks of launch, bots find every one of them. On the site measured here, the contact form received 4,200 submissions in one night from a single botnet, the newsletter provider's API quota ran out, and the function bill for the month tripled.",[14,18,19,20,25],{},"This guide adds rate limiting to the dynamic endpoints of a static site on Cloudflare: a WAF rate limiting rule in front of all of them, per-endpoint limits inside the Workers using the rate limiting binding, sensible keys, honest 429 responses, and monitoring. The same layering applies on Netlify and Vercel with their own primitives. It is part of ",[21,22,24],"a",{"href":23},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fserverless-functions-for-static-sites\u002F","Serverless Functions for Static Sites",".",[27,28,30],"h2",{"id":29},"prerequisites","Prerequisites",[32,33,34,52,55],"ul",{},[35,36,37,38,42,43,42,46,42,49,25],"li",{},"A static site with a few edge function endpoints, for example ",[39,40,41],"code",{},"\u002Fapi\u002Fcontact",", ",[39,44,45],{},"\u002Fapi\u002Fsubscribe",[39,47,48],{},"\u002Fapi\u002Ffeedback",[39,50,51],{},"\u002Fapi\u002Fsearch",[35,53,54],{},"A Cloudflare zone (for WAF rules) and Workers with the rate limiting binding available.",[35,56,57],{},"Logs or analytics showing request volume per endpoint.",[27,59,61],{"id":60},"step-1-know-the-normal-traffic","Step 1: Know the Normal Traffic",[14,63,64],{},"Limits should be generous for real readers and tight for abuse, which requires knowing what normal looks like. Four weeks of logs, per client IP per endpoint:",[66,67,68,84],"table",{},[69,70,71],"thead",{},[72,73,74,78,81],"tr",{},[75,76,77],"th",{},"Endpoint",[75,79,80],{},"Real use per IP (p99)",[75,82,83],{},"Abusive peaks per IP",[85,86,87,100,112,124],"tbody",{},[72,88,89,94,97],{},[90,91,92],"td",{},[39,93,41],{},[90,95,96],{},"2 per hour",[90,98,99],{},"400+ per minute",[72,101,102,106,109],{},[90,103,104],{},[39,105,45],{},[90,107,108],{},"1 per hour",[90,110,111],{},"90 per minute",[72,113,114,118,121],{},[90,115,116],{},[39,117,48],{},[90,119,120],{},"8 per hour (one per page read)",[90,122,123],{},"300 per minute",[72,125,126,130,133],{},[90,127,128],{},[39,129,51],{},[90,131,132],{},"40 per minute (typing)",[90,134,135],{},"2,000 per minute",[14,137,138],{},"The gap between real use and abuse is two orders of magnitude on every endpoint, which leaves plenty of room for limits that never touch real readers.",[140,141,142,266],"figure",{},[143,144,151,152,151,156,151,160,151,167],"svg",{"viewBox":145,"role":146,"ariaLabelledBy":147,"xmlns":150},"0 0 760 244","img",[148,149],"rl-normal-title","rl-normal-desc","http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg","\n  ",[153,154,155],"title",{"id":148},"Normal and abusive request rates per endpoint",[157,158,159],"desc",{"id":149},"Horizontal bars on a shared scale of requests per IP per hour. Real contact form use peaks at 2, abusive peaks exceed 24,000. Real newsletter signups peak at 1, abusive peaks 5,400. Real feedback use peaks at 8, abusive peaks 18,000. Real search use peaks at 2,400, abusive peaks 120,000.",[161,162],"rect",{"x":163,"y":163,"width":164,"height":165,"fill":166},"0","760","244","#ffffff",[168,169,171,172,171,183,171,187,171,191,171,198,171,202,171,209,171,217,171,222,171,229,171,233,171,238,171,242,171,247,171,251,171,257,171,261,151],"g",{"style":170},"font-family:system-ui, sans-serif;font-size:12px","\n    ",[161,173],{"x":174,"y":175,"width":176,"height":177,"rx":178,"fill":179,"opacity":180,"stroke":181,"style":182},"240.0","65.0","406.9","20.0","3","#ff595e","0.3","#d83b41","stroke-width:1px",[161,184],{"x":174,"y":185,"width":186,"height":177,"rx":178,"fill":179,"opacity":180,"stroke":181,"style":182},"99.0","81.4",[161,188],{"x":174,"y":189,"width":190,"height":177,"rx":178,"fill":179,"opacity":180,"stroke":181,"style":182},"133.0","61.0",[161,192],{"x":174,"y":193,"width":194,"height":177,"rx":178,"fill":195,"opacity":196,"stroke":197,"style":182},"167.0","8.1","#8ac926","0.4","#5a8a16",[161,199],{"x":174,"y":200,"width":201,"height":177,"rx":178,"fill":195,"opacity":196,"stroke":197,"style":182},"201.0","3.0",[203,204],"path",{"d":205,"fill":206,"stroke":207,"style":208},"M240.0 60.0 L240.0 226.0","none","#556071","stroke-width:1.5px",[210,211,216],"text",{"x":212,"y":213,"fill":214,"style":215},"380.0","30.0","#1f2937","font-size:16px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","Requests per IP per hour, real readers versus bots",[210,218,221],{"x":177,"y":219,"fill":214,"style":220},"79.2","font-size:12px;text-anchor:start","Search abuse peak",[210,223,228],{"x":224,"y":225,"fill":226,"style":227},"654.9","79.5","#b32b30","font-size:12px;text-anchor:start;font-weight:700","120,000 \u002F h",[210,230,232],{"x":177,"y":231,"fill":214,"style":220},"113.2","Contact form abuse peak",[210,234,237],{"x":235,"y":236,"fill":226,"style":227},"329.4","113.5","24,000 \u002F h",[210,239,241],{"x":177,"y":240,"fill":214,"style":220},"147.2","Feedback abuse peak",[210,243,246],{"x":244,"y":245,"fill":226,"style":227},"309.0","147.5","18,000 \u002F h",[210,248,250],{"x":177,"y":249,"fill":214,"style":220},"181.2","Real search use (p99)",[210,252,256],{"x":253,"y":254,"fill":255,"style":227},"256.1","181.5","#3f6410","2,400 \u002F h",[210,258,260],{"x":177,"y":259,"fill":214,"style":220},"215.2","Real contact use (p99)",[210,262,265],{"x":263,"y":264,"fill":255,"style":227},"251.0","215.5","2 \u002F h",[267,268,269],"figcaption",{},"Real use is the 99th percentile per IP over four weeks; abusive peaks are the highest observed rates, converted to per hour.",[27,271,273],{"id":272},"step-2-a-platform-rule-in-front-of-everything","Step 2: A Platform Rule in Front of Everything",[14,275,276],{},"A Cloudflare WAF rate limiting rule stops floods before any Worker runs, so abusive requests cost nothing:",[278,279,284],"pre",{"className":280,"code":282,"language":210,"meta":283},[281],"language-text","Rule: \"API flood protection\"\nIf: (http.request.uri.path wildcard \"\u002Fapi\u002F*\")\nRate: 120 requests per 1 minute, counting by: IP address\nThen: Block for 10 minutes (response 429)\n","",[39,285,282],{"__ignoreMap":283},[14,287,288],{},"120 per minute is far above any real reader's use of every endpoint combined, and far below the flood rates. The rule is the backstop; per-endpoint limits come next. On Netlify, the equivalent is a rate limit rule in the site's firewall traffic rules; on Vercel, a WAF custom rule with a rate limit action.",[27,290,292],{"id":291},"step-3-per-endpoint-limits-in-the-worker","Step 3: Per-Endpoint Limits in the Worker",[14,294,295],{},"Inside each function, the Workers rate limiting binding applies a limit per key with very low latency:",[278,297,301],{"className":298,"code":299,"language":300,"meta":283,"style":283},"language-toml shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","# wrangler.toml\n[[unsafe.bindings]]\nname = \"CONTACT_LIMIT\"\ntype = \"ratelimit\"\nnamespace_id = \"1001\"\nsimple = { limit = 5, period = 60 }\n\n[[unsafe.bindings]]\nname = \"SUBSCRIBE_LIMIT\"\ntype = \"ratelimit\"\nnamespace_id = \"1002\"\nsimple = { limit = 3, period = 60 }\n","toml",[39,302,303,311,317,323,329,335,341,348,353,359,364,370],{"__ignoreMap":283},[304,305,308],"span",{"class":306,"line":307},"line",1,[304,309,310],{},"# wrangler.toml\n",[304,312,314],{"class":306,"line":313},2,[304,315,316],{},"[[unsafe.bindings]]\n",[304,318,320],{"class":306,"line":319},3,[304,321,322],{},"name = \"CONTACT_LIMIT\"\n",[304,324,326],{"class":306,"line":325},4,[304,327,328],{},"type = \"ratelimit\"\n",[304,330,332],{"class":306,"line":331},5,[304,333,334],{},"namespace_id = \"1001\"\n",[304,336,338],{"class":306,"line":337},6,[304,339,340],{},"simple = { limit = 5, period = 60 }\n",[304,342,344],{"class":306,"line":343},7,[304,345,347],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":346},true,"\n",[304,349,351],{"class":306,"line":350},8,[304,352,316],{},[304,354,356],{"class":306,"line":355},9,[304,357,358],{},"name = \"SUBSCRIBE_LIMIT\"\n",[304,360,362],{"class":306,"line":361},10,[304,363,328],{},[304,365,367],{"class":306,"line":366},11,[304,368,369],{},"namespace_id = \"1002\"\n",[304,371,373],{"class":306,"line":372},12,[304,374,375],{},"simple = { limit = 3, period = 60 }\n",[278,377,381],{"className":378,"code":379,"language":380,"meta":283,"style":283},"language-js shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","\u002F\u002F src\u002Fcontact.js\nexport async function handleContact(request, env) {\n  const ip = request.headers.get('CF-Connecting-IP') ?? 'unknown';\n  const { success } = await env.CONTACT_LIMIT.limit({ key: `contact:${ip}` });\n  if (!success) {\n    return Response.json({ error: 'Too many messages from your network. Please try again in a minute.' },\n      { status: 429, headers: { 'Retry-After': '60' } });\n  }\n  \u002F\u002F … validate, check Turnstile token, send email\n}\n","js",[39,382,383,389,421,457,502,516,536,559,564,569],{"__ignoreMap":283},[304,384,385],{"class":306,"line":307},[304,386,388],{"class":387},"sJ8bj","\u002F\u002F src\u002Fcontact.js\n",[304,390,391,395,398,401,405,409,413,415,418],{"class":306,"line":313},[304,392,394],{"class":393},"szBVR","export",[304,396,397],{"class":393}," async",[304,399,400],{"class":393}," function",[304,402,404],{"class":403},"sScJk"," handleContact",[304,406,408],{"class":407},"sVt8B","(",[304,410,412],{"class":411},"s4XuR","request",[304,414,42],{"class":407},[304,416,417],{"class":411},"env",[304,419,420],{"class":407},") {\n",[304,422,423,426,430,433,436,439,441,445,448,451,454],{"class":306,"line":319},[304,424,425],{"class":393},"  const",[304,427,429],{"class":428},"sj4cs"," ip",[304,431,432],{"class":393}," =",[304,434,435],{"class":407}," request.headers.",[304,437,438],{"class":403},"get",[304,440,408],{"class":407},[304,442,444],{"class":443},"sZZnC","'CF-Connecting-IP'",[304,446,447],{"class":407},") ",[304,449,450],{"class":393},"??",[304,452,453],{"class":443}," 'unknown'",[304,455,456],{"class":407},";\n",[304,458,459,461,464,467,470,473,476,479,482,484,487,490,493,496,499],{"class":306,"line":325},[304,460,425],{"class":393},[304,462,463],{"class":407}," { ",[304,465,466],{"class":428},"success",[304,468,469],{"class":407}," } ",[304,471,472],{"class":393},"=",[304,474,475],{"class":393}," await",[304,477,478],{"class":407}," env.",[304,480,481],{"class":428},"CONTACT_LIMIT",[304,483,25],{"class":407},[304,485,486],{"class":403},"limit",[304,488,489],{"class":407},"({ key: ",[304,491,492],{"class":443},"`contact:${",[304,494,495],{"class":407},"ip",[304,497,498],{"class":443},"}`",[304,500,501],{"class":407}," });\n",[304,503,504,507,510,513],{"class":306,"line":331},[304,505,506],{"class":393},"  if",[304,508,509],{"class":407}," (",[304,511,512],{"class":393},"!",[304,514,515],{"class":407},"success) {\n",[304,517,518,521,524,527,530,533],{"class":306,"line":337},[304,519,520],{"class":393},"    return",[304,522,523],{"class":407}," Response.",[304,525,526],{"class":403},"json",[304,528,529],{"class":407},"({ error: ",[304,531,532],{"class":443},"'Too many messages from your network. Please try again in a minute.'",[304,534,535],{"class":407}," },\n",[304,537,538,541,544,547,550,553,556],{"class":306,"line":343},[304,539,540],{"class":407},"      { status: ",[304,542,543],{"class":428},"429",[304,545,546],{"class":407},", headers: { ",[304,548,549],{"class":443},"'Retry-After'",[304,551,552],{"class":407},": ",[304,554,555],{"class":443},"'60'",[304,557,558],{"class":407}," } });\n",[304,560,561],{"class":306,"line":350},[304,562,563],{"class":407},"  }\n",[304,565,566],{"class":306,"line":355},[304,567,568],{"class":387},"  \u002F\u002F … validate, check Turnstile token, send email\n",[304,570,571],{"class":306,"line":361},[304,572,573],{"class":407},"}\n",[14,575,576],{},"The binding counts per location and is designed for abuse prevention rather than exact accounting, which suits this purpose well. For limits that must be exact across all locations — such as a hard daily cap on paid API calls — a Durable Object counter is the right tool.",[140,578,579,719],{},[143,580,151,585,151,588,151,591,151,594,151,704],{"viewBox":581,"role":146,"ariaLabelledBy":582,"xmlns":150},"0 0 760 466",[583,584],"rl-layers-title","rl-layers-desc",[153,586,587],{"id":583},"Layered protection for a contact form endpoint",[157,589,590],{"id":584},"Four layers. A WAF rate limiting rule blocks any IP exceeding 120 API requests per minute before code runs. The Worker's rate limiting binding allows 5 contact submissions per IP per minute. A Turnstile challenge token must validate. A per-email limit of 3 per hour stops repeated submissions from one address across IPs. Only then is email sent.",[161,592],{"x":163,"y":163,"width":164,"height":593,"fill":166},"466",[168,595,171,596,171,604,171,608,171,614,171,617,171,622,171,625,171,629,171,632,171,636,171,639,171,645,171,650,171,656,171,660,171,664,171,668,171,672,171,676,171,680,171,684,171,688,171,692,171,696,171,700,151],{"style":170},[161,597],{"x":598,"y":599,"width":600,"height":601,"rx":602,"fill":179,"opacity":603,"stroke":181,"style":208},"40.0","60.0","440.0","57.2","8","0.12",[203,605],{"d":606,"fill":206,"stroke":207,"style":607},"M260.0 119.2 L260.0 139.2","stroke-width:2px;marker-end:url(#rl-layers-arrow)",[161,609],{"x":598,"y":610,"width":600,"height":601,"rx":602,"fill":611,"opacity":612,"stroke":613,"style":208},"143.2","#ffca3a","0.24","#a97b00",[203,615],{"d":616,"fill":206,"stroke":207,"style":607},"M260.0 202.4 L260.0 222.4",[161,618],{"x":598,"y":619,"width":600,"height":601,"rx":602,"fill":620,"opacity":621,"stroke":620,"style":208},"226.4","#6a4c93","0.14",[203,623],{"d":624,"fill":206,"stroke":207,"style":607},"M260.0 285.6 L260.0 305.6",[161,626],{"x":598,"y":627,"width":600,"height":601,"rx":602,"fill":628,"opacity":621,"stroke":628,"style":208},"309.6","#1982c4",[203,630],{"d":631,"fill":206,"stroke":207,"style":607},"M260.0 368.8 L260.0 388.8",[161,633],{"x":598,"y":634,"width":600,"height":601,"rx":602,"fill":195,"opacity":635,"stroke":197,"style":208},"392.8","0.2",[210,637,638],{"x":212,"y":213,"fill":214,"style":215},"Three layers between a bot and an email inbox",[210,640,644],{"x":641,"y":642,"fill":214,"style":643},"260.0","86.4","font-size:13px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","WAF rate rule",[210,646,649],{"x":641,"y":647,"fill":207,"style":648},"103.3","font-size:11px;text-anchor:middle","120 \u002F min per IP on \u002Fapi\u002F*",[210,651,655],{"x":652,"y":653,"fill":207,"style":654},"504.0","92.6","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:start","no code runs",[210,657,659],{"x":641,"y":658,"fill":214,"style":643},"169.5","Worker rate binding",[210,661,663],{"x":641,"y":662,"fill":207,"style":648},"186.4","5 \u002F min per IP on \u002Fapi\u002Fcontact",[210,665,667],{"x":652,"y":666,"fill":207,"style":654},"175.8","429 with Retry-After",[210,669,671],{"x":641,"y":670,"fill":214,"style":643},"252.7","Turnstile check",[210,673,675],{"x":641,"y":674,"fill":207,"style":648},"269.6","token must validate",[210,677,679],{"x":652,"y":678,"fill":207,"style":654},"259.0","stops scripted posts",[210,681,683],{"x":641,"y":682,"fill":214,"style":643},"335.9","Per-email limit",[210,685,687],{"x":641,"y":686,"fill":207,"style":648},"352.8","3 \u002F hour per address",[210,689,691],{"x":652,"y":690,"fill":207,"style":654},"342.2","stops rotating IPs",[210,693,695],{"x":641,"y":694,"fill":214,"style":643},"419.1","Send email",[210,697,699],{"x":641,"y":698,"fill":207,"style":648},"436.0","provider API",[210,701,703],{"x":652,"y":702,"fill":207,"style":654},"425.4","real messages only",[705,706,171,707,151],"defs",{},[708,709,715,716,171],"marker",{"id":710,"viewBox":711,"refX":602,"refY":712,"markerWidth":713,"markerHeight":713,"orient":714},"rl-layers-arrow","0 0 10 10","5","7","auto-start-reverse","\n      ",[203,717],{"d":718,"fill":207},"M0 0 L10 5 L0 10 z",[267,720,721],{},"Most abusive traffic stops at the first layer and costs nothing; each later layer handles what gets through.",[27,723,725],{"id":724},"step-4-choose-keys-carefully","Step 4: Choose Keys Carefully",[14,727,728],{},"IP addresses are an imperfect key. A company office, a university or a mobile carrier can put thousands of readers behind one address, and IPv6 gives each attacker many addresses. Three adjustments:",[32,730,731,741,747],{},[35,732,733,737,738,740],{},[734,735,736],"strong",{},"Generous IP limits, strict identity limits."," The IP limit on ",[39,739,45],{}," is 3 per minute; the per-email limit is 3 per hour, which stops repeated signups of the same address across rotating IPs.",[35,742,743,746],{},[734,744,745],{},"Aggregate IPv6."," Key IPv6 clients by their \u002F64 prefix rather than the full address.",[35,748,749,752,753,757],{},[734,750,751],{},"Combine with a challenge."," Cloudflare Turnstile on the forms, validated in the function as in ",[21,754,756],{"href":755},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fserverless-functions-for-static-sites\u002Fadding-a-contact-form-with-cloudflare-workers\u002F","Adding a Contact Form with Cloudflare Workers",", stops most scripted submissions before rate limits matter.",[27,759,761],{"id":760},"step-5-tell-readers-what-happened","Step 5: Tell Readers What Happened",[14,763,764,765,768],{},"A rate-limited form submission must say so. The form's client script handles a 429 by showing the message from the response and disabling the submit button for the ",[39,766,767],{},"Retry-After"," period, rather than showing a generic error or, worse, a success message. Search, which can legitimately hit its limit when someone types very fast, backs off silently and retries after the window, since the reader is still typing.",[27,770,772],{"id":771},"step-6-watch-the-limits","Step 6: Watch the Limits",[14,774,775],{},"Rate limits need monitoring in both directions: are they stopping abuse, and are they hitting real readers? A dashboard shows 429s per endpoint per hour, the share of blocked requests that carried a valid Turnstile token (real readers pass Turnstile; a high share means a limit is too tight), and the WAF rule's block count. In the first month, 0.3% of blocked search requests had come from sessions that also produced normal page views — a sign of fast typists behind a shared NAT — so the search limit was raised from 30 to 40 per minute.",[140,777,778,858],{},[143,779,151,784,151,787,151,790,151,793],{"viewBox":780,"role":146,"ariaLabelledBy":781,"xmlns":150},"0 0 760 295",[782,783],"rl-effect-title","rl-effect-desc",[153,785,786],{"id":782},"Daily contact form emails before and after rate limiting",[157,788,789],{"id":783},"Vertical bars of contact form emails sent per day. Before protection, an average of 610 with spikes above 4,000 during attacks. After the WAF rule only, 95. After the Worker limit and Turnstile, 14. After adding the per-email limit, 12, matching the number of genuine messages.",[161,791],{"x":163,"y":163,"width":164,"height":792,"fill":166},"295",[168,794,171,795,171,801,171,807,171,812,171,817,171,820,171,823,171,829,171,834,171,839,171,842,171,847,171,850,171,855,151],{"style":170},[161,796],{"x":797,"y":798,"width":799,"height":800,"rx":178,"fill":179,"opacity":180,"stroke":181,"style":182},"80.0","76.0","90.0","170.0",[161,802],{"x":803,"y":804,"width":799,"height":805,"rx":178,"fill":611,"opacity":806,"stroke":613,"style":182},"250.0","219.5","26.5","0.45",[161,808],{"x":809,"y":810,"width":799,"height":811,"rx":178,"fill":628,"opacity":180,"stroke":628,"style":182},"420.0","242.1","3.9",[161,813],{"x":814,"y":815,"width":799,"height":816,"rx":178,"fill":195,"opacity":196,"stroke":197,"style":182},"590.0","242.7","3.3",[203,818],{"d":819,"fill":206,"stroke":207,"style":208},"M30.0 246.0 L730.0 246.0",[210,821,822],{"x":212,"y":213,"fill":214,"style":215},"Contact form submissions reaching email per day",[210,824,828],{"x":825,"y":826,"fill":226,"style":827},"125.0","69.0","font-size:12px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","610",[210,830,833],{"x":825,"y":831,"fill":207,"style":832},"264.0","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:middle","No protection",[210,835,838],{"x":836,"y":837,"fill":214,"style":827},"295.0","212.5","95",[210,840,841],{"x":836,"y":831,"fill":207,"style":832},"WAF rule",[210,843,846],{"x":844,"y":845,"fill":214,"style":827},"465.0","235.1","14",[210,848,849],{"x":844,"y":831,"fill":207,"style":832},"+ Worker limit + Turnstile",[210,851,854],{"x":852,"y":853,"fill":255,"style":827},"635.0","235.7","12",[210,856,857],{"x":852,"y":831,"fill":207,"style":832},"+ per-email limit",[267,859,860],{},"Daily averages over two weeks per stage; genuine messages were identified by manual review of a sample.",[27,862,864],{"id":863},"testing-the-limits","Testing the Limits",[14,866,867,868,870],{},"Rate limits are easy to get wrong in ways that only show up under load, so they are tested before they matter. A small k6 script, run against a preview deployment, sends bursts at each endpoint from one client and checks that the expected number of requests succeed before 429s start, that ",[39,869,767],{}," is present, and that a second client in the same window is unaffected. A separate test submits the contact form with a valid Turnstile test token from the same IP several times in a row, mimicking a reader who corrects and resends a message, to confirm that realistic use never trips the limit. The tests run on pull requests that touch the functions or the WAF configuration, which is managed in Terraform alongside the zone, so a change to a limit is always reviewed and tested together with the code that depends on it.",[27,872,874],{"id":873},"measured-impact","Measured Impact",[66,876,877,890],{},[69,878,879],{},[72,880,881,884,887],{},[75,882,883],{},"Measure",[75,885,886],{},"Before",[75,888,889],{},"After",[85,891,892,903,913,927,938],{},[72,893,894,897,900],{},[90,895,896],{},"Contact form emails per day",[90,898,899],{},"~610 (mostly spam)",[90,901,902],{},"~12 (genuine)",[72,904,905,908,911],{},[90,906,907],{},"Newsletter provider API quota exhausted",[90,909,910],{},"3 times in a month",[90,912,163],{},[72,914,915,921,924],{},[90,916,917,918],{},"Worker invocations per month on ",[39,919,920],{},"\u002Fapi\u002F*",[90,922,923],{},"9.4 million",[90,925,926],{},"1.1 million",[72,928,929,932,935],{},[90,930,931],{},"Real readers receiving a 429 (sessions with page views)",[90,933,934],{},"—",[90,936,937],{},"\u003C 0.05%",[72,939,940,943,945],{},[90,941,942],{},"Added latency per request (rate limit binding)",[90,944,934],{},[90,946,947],{},"\u003C 1 ms",[27,949,951],{"id":950},"pitfalls-rollback","Pitfalls & Rollback",[32,953,954,960,966,972,978],{},[35,955,956,959],{},[734,957,958],{},"Only limiting inside the function."," Floods still invoke code and cost money; add a platform rule in front.",[35,961,962,965],{},[734,963,964],{},"IP-only limits that are too tight."," Shared networks trip them; keep IP limits generous and add identity limits.",[35,967,968,971],{},[734,969,970],{},"Silent drops."," Readers think their message was sent; always return 429 with a clear message.",[35,973,974,977],{},[734,975,976],{},"Exact accounting with an approximate limiter."," Use a Durable Object for hard caps on paid APIs.",[35,979,980,983],{},[734,981,982],{},"Rollback:"," WAF rules and bindings can be disabled independently; removing the limit call from a function restores unlimited behaviour immediately.",[27,985,987],{"id":986},"conclusion","Conclusion",[14,989,990],{},"A static site's dynamic endpoints are few, small and easy for bots to find. Protect them in layers: a platform rate limiting rule that stops floods before code runs, per-endpoint limits inside each function with keys chosen for shared networks, a challenge on forms, and honest 429 responses. On this site that cut spam emails by 98% and function invocations by 88%, while real readers almost never noticed the limits existed.",[27,992,994],{"id":993},"faq","FAQ",[996,997,999],"h3",{"id":998},"why-do-static-sites-need-rate-limiting","Why do static sites need rate limiting?",[14,1001,1002],{},"The pages are static, but most sites have a few dynamic endpoints such as a contact form, newsletter signup, search API or feedback button. Bots find them quickly, and without limits they can flood inboxes, exhaust third-party API quotas and run up function invocation costs.",[996,1004,1006],{"id":1005},"should-rate-limiting-be-done-in-the-function-or-at-the-platform","Should rate limiting be done in the function or at the platform?",[14,1008,1009],{},"Both layers help. Platform rules, such as Cloudflare WAF rate limiting rules, stop floods before they invoke code. Limits inside the function, using a rate limiting binding or a counter store, handle finer-grained keys such as per email address or per form.",[996,1011,1013],{"id":1012},"what-should-the-rate-limit-key-be","What should the rate limit key be?",[14,1015,1016],{},"Usually the client IP address combined with the endpoint, sometimes with an additional key such as the submitted email for signups. IP-only keys can penalise many readers behind one corporate NAT, so limits should be generous enough for that, with stricter per-identity limits inside.",[996,1018,1020],{"id":1019},"what-should-a-rate-limited-request-receive","What should a rate-limited request receive?",[14,1022,1023],{},"A 429 status with a Retry-After header and, for forms, a friendly message explaining that too many attempts were made and when to try again. Never silently drop requests, because real readers then think their submission succeeded.",[27,1025,1027],{"id":1026},"related","Related",[32,1029,1030,1039,1046,1053,1060],{},[35,1031,1032,1035,1036,1038],{},[734,1033,1034],{},"Parent:"," ",[21,1037,24],{"href":23}," — the dynamic parts of static sites.",[35,1040,1041,1045],{},[21,1042,1044],{"href":1043},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fserverless-functions-for-static-sites\u002Fhandling-form-submissions-on-a-static-site\u002F","Handling Form Submissions on a Static Site"," — the forms being protected.",[35,1047,1048,1052],{},[21,1049,1051],{"href":1050},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fserverless-functions-for-static-sites\u002Fnewsletter-signup-with-an-edge-function\u002F","Newsletter Signup with an Edge Function"," — another protected endpoint.",[35,1054,1055,1059],{},[21,1056,1058],{"href":1057},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fserverless-functions-for-static-sites\u002Fproxying-third-party-apis-from-an-edge-function\u002F","Proxying Third-Party APIs from an Edge Function"," — protecting paid API quotas.",[35,1061,1062,1066],{},[21,1063,1065],{"href":1064},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fmonitoring-static-sites-in-production\u002Flogging-404s-at-the-edge\u002F","Logging 404s at the Edge"," — edge logs for spotting abuse.",[1068,1069,1070],"style",{},"html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: 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SSGs","\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002F",{"name":24,"item":23},{"name":5,"item":1100},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fserverless-functions-for-static-sites\u002Frate-limiting-edge-functions\u002F","2026-09-25","Protect the dynamic endpoints of a static site, such as forms and APIs, with edge rate limits: platform rules, Workers bindings, keys and measured effect.","md",[1105,1106,1107,1108],{"q":999,"a":1002},{"q":1006,"a":1009},{"q":1013,"a":1016},{"q":1020,"a":1023},{},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fserverless-functions-for-static-sites\u002Frate-limiting-edge-functions",{"title":5,"description":1102},"production-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fserverless-functions-for-static-sites\u002Frate-limiting-edge-functions\u002Findex","article","NVnS0CDkaUigzvSoofdijU5gLCAWINTurdbN7GLu23I",[1116,1119,1122,1125,1128,1131,1134,1137,1140,1143,1146,1149,1152,1155,1158,1161,1164,1167,1170,1173,1176,1179,1182,1185,1188,1191,1194,1197,1200,1203,1206,1209,1212,1215,1218,1221,1224,1227,1230,1233,1236,1239,1242,1245,1248,1251,1254,1257,1260,1263,1266,1269,1272,1275,1278,1281,1284,1287,1290,1293,1296,1299,1302,1305,1308,1311,1314,1317,1320,1323,1326,1329,1332,1335,1338,1341,1344,1347,1350,1353,1356,1359,1362,1365,1368,1371,1374,1377,1380,1383,1386,1389,1392,1395,1398,1401,1404,1407,1410,1413,1416,1419,1422,1425,1428,1431,1434,1437,1440,1443,1446,1449,1452,1455,1458,1461,1464,1467,1470,1473,1476,1479,1482,1485,1488,1491,1494,1497,1500,1503,1506,1509,1512,1515,1518,1521,1524,1527,1530,1533,1536,1539,1542,1545,1548,1551,1554,1557,1560,1563,1566,1569,1572,1575,1578,1581,1584,1587,1590,1593,1596,1599,1602,1605,1608,1611,1614,1617,1620,1623,1626,1629,1632,1635,1638,1641,1644,1647,1650,1653,1656,1659,1662,1665,1668,1671,1674,1677,1680,1683,1686,1689,1692,1695,1698,1701,1704,1707,1710,1713,1716,1719,1722,1725,1728,1731,1734,1737,1740,1743,1746,1749,1752,1755,1758,1761,1764,1767,1770,1773,1776,1779,1782,1785,1788,1791,1794,1797,1800,1803,1806,1809,1812,1815,1818,1821,1824,1827,1830,1833,1836,1839,1842,1845,1848,1851,1854,1857,1860,1863,1866,1869,1872,1875,1878,1881,1884,1887,1890,1893,1896,1899,1902,1905,1908,1911,1914,1917,1920,1923,1926,1929,1932,1935,1938,1941,1944,1947,1950,1953,1956,1959,1962,1965,1968,1971,1974,1977,1980,1983,1986,1989,1992,1994,1997,2000,2003,2006,2009,2011,2014,2017,2020,2023,2026,2029,2032,2035,2038,2041,2044,2047,2050,2053,2056,2059,2062,2065,2068,2071,2074,2077,2080,2083,2086,2089,2092,2095,2098,2101,2104,2107,2110,2113,2116,2119,2122,2125,2128,2131,2134,2137,2140,2143,2146,2149,2152,2155,2158,2161,2164,2167,2170,2173,2176,2179,2182,2185,2188,2191,2194,2197,2200,2203,2206,2209,2211,2214,2216,2218,2221,2223,2226,2228,2229,2232,2235,2238,2241,2244,2247,2250,2253],{"path":1117,"title":1118},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Faccessibility-for-static-sites\u002Faccessible-code-blocks-in-documentation-sites","Accessible 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for SSGs",{"path":1543,"title":1544},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fpurging-the-cdn-cache-after-a-static-deploy","Purging the CDN Cache After a Static Deploy",{"path":1546,"title":1547},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fsetting-cache-control-headers-on-cloudflare-pages","Cache-Control Headers on Cloudflare Pages",{"path":1549,"title":1550},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fsetting-up-proper-cache-headers-on-netlify","Proper Cache Headers on Netlify for SSGs",{"path":1552,"title":1553},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fstale-while-revalidate-for-static-html","Stale-While-Revalidate for Static HTML",{"path":1555,"title":1556},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Ftiered-caching-and-origin-shield","Tiered Caching and Origin Shield",{"path":1558,"title":1559},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fcode-splitting-and-module-preload-in-vite-based-ssgs","Code Splitting and Module Preload in Vite-Based SSGs",{"path":1561,"title":1562},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ffixing-missing-tailwind-classes-in-production-builds","Fixing Missing Tailwind Classes in Production Builds",{"path":1564,"title":1565},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ffixing-unused-javascript-warnings-on-static-pages","Fixing Unused JavaScript Warnings on Static Pages",{"path":1567,"title":1568},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization","CSS and JavaScript Asset Optimization",{"path":1570,"title":1571},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Finlining-critical-css-on-static-sites","Inlining Critical CSS on Static Sites",{"path":1573,"title":1574},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fkeeping-tailwind-css-output-small-on-static-sites","Keeping Tailwind CSS Output Small on Static Sites",{"path":1576,"title":1577},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fminifying-html-css-and-js-in-eleventy","Minifying HTML, CSS and JS in Eleventy",{"path":1579,"title":1580},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fprecompressing-assets-with-brotli-and-zstd","Precompressing Assets with Brotli and Zstd",{"path":1582,"title":1583},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fpurging-unused-css-with-tailwind-and-lightningcss","Purging Unused CSS with Tailwind and Lightning CSS",{"path":1585,"title":1586},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fsvg-icon-sprites-vs-inline-icons","SVG Icon Sprites vs Inline Icons",{"path":1588,"title":1589},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ftailwind-v4-in-astro-without-postcss-plugins","Tailwind v4 in Astro Without PostCSS 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Links",{"path":1615,"title":1616},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites","Cumulative Layout Shift Fixes for Static Sites",{"path":1618,"title":1619},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Fmeasuring-cls-in-the-field-with-web-vitals-js","Measuring CLS in the Field With web-vitals.js",{"path":1621,"title":1622},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Freserving-space-for-ad-and-promo-slots","Reserving Space for Ad and Promo Slots",{"path":1624,"title":1625},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Freserving-space-for-images-and-embeds-to-stop-layout-shift","Reserving Space for Images and Embeds",{"path":1627,"title":1628},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fauditing-font-payload-per-page","Auditing Font Payload per Page",{"path":1630,"title":1631},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-invisible-text-while-web-fonts-load","Fixing Invisible Text While Web Fonts Load",{"path":1633,"title":1634},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Ffont-display-optional-vs-swap","font-display: optional vs swap",{"path":1636,"title":1637},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites","Font Loading Strategies for Static Sites",{"path":1639,"title":1640},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fmetric-matched-fallback-fonts-with-size-adjust","Metric-Matched Fallback Fonts with size-adjust",{"path":1642,"title":1643},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fpreloading-fonts-without-double-downloads","Preloading Fonts Without Double Downloads",{"path":1645,"title":1646},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fself-hosted-fonts-vs-google-fonts-for-static-sites","Self-Hosted Fonts vs Google Fonts for Static Sites",{"path":1648,"title":1649},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fself-hosting-google-fonts-to-eliminate-layout-shift","Self-Host Google Fonts to Eliminate Layout Shift",{"path":1651,"title":1652},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fsubsetting-variable-fonts-for-faster-first-render","Subsetting Variable Fonts for Faster First Render",{"path":1654,"title":1655},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fusing-system-font-stacks-to-skip-webfonts","Using System Font Stacks to Skip Web Fonts",{"path":1657,"title":1658},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fvariable-fonts-vs-static-weights","Variable Fonts vs Static Weights",{"path":1660,"title":1661},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fart-direction-with-the-picture-element","Art Direction with the Picture Element",{"path":1663,"title":1664},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fblur-up-placeholders-with-lqip","Blur-Up Placeholders with LQIP",{"path":1666,"title":1667},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fbuilding-an-image-cdn-pipeline-for-static-sites","Building an Image CDN Pipeline for Static Sites",{"path":1669,"title":1670},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fcaching-processed-images-between-builds","Caching Processed Images Between Builds",{"path":1672,"title":1673},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Ffixing-blurry-images-from-astro-assets-resizing","Fixing Blurry Images From astro:assets 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Plugins",{"path":1687,"title":1688},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fresponsive-images-with-srcset-in-eleventy","Responsive Images with srcset in Eleventy",{"path":1690,"title":1691},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fserving-astro-images-through-cloudflare-image-resizing","Serving Astro Images Through Cloudflare Image Resizing",{"path":1693,"title":1694},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fserving-avif-with-fallbacks-on-static-sites","Serving AVIF With Fallbacks on Static Sites",{"path":1696,"title":1697},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs","Core Web Vitals Optimization for SSGs",{"path":1699,"title":1700},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fastro-islands-vs-full-hydration-performance","Astro Islands vs Full Hydration Performance",{"path":1702,"title":1703},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fbreaking-up-long-tasks-on-static-sites","Breaking Up Long Tasks on Static Sites",{"path":1705,"title":1706},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fdeferring-hydration-with-client-visible-in-astro","Deferring Hydration with client:visible in Astro",{"path":1708,"title":1709},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Ffixing-hydration-mismatch-errors-in-astro-islands","Fixing Hydration Mismatch Errors in Astro Islands",{"path":1711,"title":1712},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Ffixing-poor-inp-on-static-pages-with-heavy-widgets","Fixing Poor INP on Static Pages With Heavy Widgets",{"path":1714,"title":1715},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fhow-to-reduce-bundle-size-in-eleventy-builds","How to Reduce Bundle Size in Eleventy Builds",{"path":1717,"title":1718},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering","JavaScript Hydration & Partial Rendering",{"path":1720,"title":1721},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fmeasuring-inp-on-static-sites-with-real-user-monitoring","Measuring INP on Static Sites with RUM",{"path":1723,"title":1724},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fpreact-vs-react-islands-bundle-size","Preact vs React Islands Bundle Size",{"path":1726,"title":1727},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Freplacing-react-islands-with-web-components","Replacing React Islands with Web Components",{"path":1729,"title":1730},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fserver-islands-in-astro","Server Islands in Astro",{"path":1732,"title":1733},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Feliminating-render-blocking-css-on-static-sites","Eliminating Render-Blocking CSS on Static Sites",{"path":1735,"title":1736},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-lcp-on-text-heavy-documentation-pages","Fixing LCP on Text-Heavy Documentation Pages",{"path":1738,"title":1739},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-lcp-regressions-caused-by-cookie-consent-tools","Fixing LCP Regressions Caused by Cookie Consent Tools",{"path":1741,"title":1742},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-lcp-when-the-hero-is-a-background-image","Fixing LCP When the Hero Is a Background Image",{"path":1744,"title":1745},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-slow-lcp-on-pages-with-embedded-video","Fixing Slow LCP on Pages With Embedded Video",{"path":1747,"title":1748},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Fimproving-ttfb-for-static-html","Improving TTFB for Static HTML",{"path":1750,"title":1751},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites","Largest Contentful Paint Optimization for Static Sites",{"path":1753,"title":1754},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Fmeasuring-lcp-subparts-with-devtools","Measuring LCP Subparts with DevTools",{"path":1756,"title":1757},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Foptimizing-lcp-on-astro-with-priority-hints","Optimizing LCP on Astro with Priority 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