[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":3016},["ShallowReactive",2],{"page:\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fcloudflare-pages-edge-caching-setup\u002Fcloudflare-pages-functions-middleware":3,"all-docs-nav":1869,"filed:\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fcloudflare-pages-edge-caching-setup\u002Fcloudflare-pages-functions-middleware":3007},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"breadcrumb":1845,"dateModified":1854,"datePublished":1854,"description":1855,"extension":1856,"faq":1857,"meta":1862,"navigation":1863,"path":1864,"seo":1865,"slug":12,"stem":1866,"type":1867,"__hash__":1868},"content\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fcloudflare-pages-edge-caching-setup\u002Fcloudflare-pages-functions-middleware\u002Findex.md","Cloudflare Pages Functions Middleware",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":1826},"minimark",[9,13,26,39,44,68,72,106,236,242,392,396,412,705,712,716,722,934,945,949,966,1272,1281,1397,1404,1408,1418,1503,1506,1569,1573,1605,1609,1685,1688,1692,1736,1740,1746,1750,1755,1758,1762,1765,1769,1772,1776,1779,1783,1822],[10,11,5],"h1",{"id":12},"cloudflare-pages-functions-middleware",[14,15,16,17,21,22,25],"p",{},"Cloudflare Pages serves static files from its edge with no code at all, and for most of a static site that is exactly right. Occasionally a site needs a few lines of logic on the request path: a security header that must include a per-request nonce, a password check for a staging section, a redirect that depends on a cookie, routing a slice of traffic to an experimental page. Pages Functions middleware is a ",[18,19,20],"code",{},"_middleware.js"," file that runs before static assets in its directory, can change the request or response, and hands off to the static file with ",[18,23,24],{},"next()",".",[14,27,28,29,34,35,25],{},"This guide adds three pieces of middleware to a Pages-hosted documentation site — per-request CSP nonces, basic authentication on an internal section, and a cookie-based A\u002FB split for one landing page — scopes each to the paths that need it, and measures latency and invocation cost. It is part of ",[30,31,33],"a",{"href":32},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fcloudflare-pages-edge-caching-setup\u002F","Cloudflare Pages Edge Caching Setup",", and relates to the broader patterns in ",[30,36,38],{"href":37},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fserverless-functions-for-static-sites\u002F","Serverless Functions for Static Sites",[40,41,43],"h2",{"id":42},"prerequisites","Prerequisites",[45,46,47,55,62],"ul",{},[48,49,50,51,54],"li",{},"A static site deployed to Cloudflare Pages (Git integration or ",[18,52,53],{},"wrangler pages deploy",").",[48,56,57,58,61],{},"A ",[18,59,60],{},"functions\u002F"," directory at the project root (created alongside the build output, not inside it).",[48,63,64,65,25],{},"Wrangler 3.80+ for local testing with ",[18,66,67],{},"wrangler pages dev",[40,69,71],{"id":70},"how-middleware-is-structured","How Middleware Is Structured",[14,73,74,75,78,79,82,83,86,87,90,91,94,95,94,98,101,102,105],{},"Middleware files follow the directory structure. ",[18,76,77],{},"functions\u002F_middleware.js"," runs for every request; ",[18,80,81],{},"functions\u002Finternal\u002F_middleware.js"," runs only for ",[18,84,85],{},"\u002Finternal\u002F*",". A middleware exports ",[18,88,89],{},"onRequest"," (or method-specific variants), receives a context with ",[18,92,93],{},"request",", ",[18,96,97],{},"env",[18,99,100],{},"next"," and ",[18,103,104],{},"data",", and must return a Response:",[107,108,113],"pre",{"className":109,"code":110,"language":111,"meta":112,"style":112},"language-js shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","\u002F\u002F functions\u002F_middleware.js — the minimal shape\nexport async function onRequest(context) {\n  const response = await context.next();          \u002F\u002F continue to the static asset or next function\n  const out = new Response(response.body, response);\n  out.headers.set('X-Served-By', 'pages-middleware');\n  return out;\n}\n","js","",[18,114,115,124,152,179,198,221,230],{"__ignoreMap":112},[116,117,120],"span",{"class":118,"line":119},"line",1,[116,121,123],{"class":122},"sJ8bj","\u002F\u002F functions\u002F_middleware.js — the minimal shape\n",[116,125,127,131,134,137,141,145,149],{"class":118,"line":126},2,[116,128,130],{"class":129},"szBVR","export",[116,132,133],{"class":129}," async",[116,135,136],{"class":129}," function",[116,138,140],{"class":139},"sScJk"," onRequest",[116,142,144],{"class":143},"sVt8B","(",[116,146,148],{"class":147},"s4XuR","context",[116,150,151],{"class":143},") {\n",[116,153,155,158,162,165,168,171,173,176],{"class":118,"line":154},3,[116,156,157],{"class":129},"  const",[116,159,161],{"class":160},"sj4cs"," response",[116,163,164],{"class":129}," =",[116,166,167],{"class":129}," await",[116,169,170],{"class":143}," context.",[116,172,100],{"class":139},[116,174,175],{"class":143},"();          ",[116,177,178],{"class":122},"\u002F\u002F continue to the static asset or next function\n",[116,180,182,184,187,189,192,195],{"class":118,"line":181},4,[116,183,157],{"class":129},[116,185,186],{"class":160}," out",[116,188,164],{"class":129},[116,190,191],{"class":129}," new",[116,193,194],{"class":139}," Response",[116,196,197],{"class":143},"(response.body, response);\n",[116,199,201,204,207,209,213,215,218],{"class":118,"line":200},5,[116,202,203],{"class":143},"  out.headers.",[116,205,206],{"class":139},"set",[116,208,144],{"class":143},[116,210,212],{"class":211},"sZZnC","'X-Served-By'",[116,214,94],{"class":143},[116,216,217],{"class":211},"'pages-middleware'",[116,219,220],{"class":143},");\n",[116,222,224,227],{"class":118,"line":223},6,[116,225,226],{"class":129},"  return",[116,228,229],{"class":143}," out;\n",[116,231,233],{"class":118,"line":232},7,[116,234,235],{"class":143},"}\n",[14,237,238,239,25],{},"Middleware can also be an array of functions, run in order, which keeps concerns separate: ",[18,240,241],{},"export const onRequest = [securityHeaders, auth];",[243,244,245,388],"figure",{},[246,247,254,255,254,259,254,263,254,270,254,373],"svg",{"viewBox":248,"role":249,"ariaLabelledBy":250,"xmlns":253},"0 0 760 383","img",[251,252],"pfm-chain-title","pfm-chain-desc","http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg","\n  ",[256,257,258],"title",{"id":251},"Order of middleware and static assets for a request in Pages Functions",[260,261,262],"desc",{"id":252},"A request for a page under \u002Finternal passes first through the root middleware if one exists, then the internal directory middleware which checks basic authentication, then reaches the static asset. Requests excluded by _routes.json skip all functions and are served directly as static assets.",[264,265],"rect",{"x":266,"y":266,"width":267,"height":268,"fill":269},"0","760","383","#ffffff",[271,272,274,275,274,285,274,292,274,296,274,299,274,305,274,308,274,314,274,322,274,328,274,333,274,339,274,342,274,346,274,350,274,353,274,357,274,361,274,365,274,369,254],"g",{"style":273},"font-family:system-ui, sans-serif;font-size:12px","\n    ",[264,276],{"x":277,"y":278,"width":279,"height":280,"rx":281,"fill":282,"opacity":283,"stroke":282,"style":284},"40.0","60.0","440.0","57.2","8","#6a4c93","0.14","stroke-width:1.5px",[286,287],"path",{"d":288,"fill":289,"stroke":290,"style":291},"M260.0 119.2 L260.0 139.2","none","#556071","stroke-width:2px;marker-end:url(#pfm-chain-arrow)",[264,293],{"x":277,"y":294,"width":279,"height":280,"rx":281,"fill":295,"opacity":283,"stroke":295,"style":284},"143.2","#1982c4",[286,297],{"d":298,"fill":289,"stroke":290,"style":291},"M260.0 202.4 L260.0 222.4",[264,300],{"x":277,"y":301,"width":279,"height":280,"rx":281,"fill":302,"opacity":303,"stroke":304,"style":284},"226.4","#ffca3a","0.24","#a97b00",[286,306],{"d":307,"fill":289,"stroke":290,"style":291},"M260.0 285.6 L260.0 305.6",[264,309],{"x":277,"y":310,"width":279,"height":280,"rx":281,"fill":311,"opacity":312,"stroke":313,"style":284},"309.6","#8ac926","0.2","#5a8a16",[315,316,321],"text",{"x":317,"y":318,"fill":319,"style":320},"380.0","30.0","#1f2937","font-size:16px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","A request through scoped middleware",[315,323,327],{"x":324,"y":325,"fill":319,"style":326},"260.0","86.4","font-size:13px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","_routes.json filter",[315,329,332],{"x":324,"y":330,"fill":290,"style":331},"103.3","font-size:11px;text-anchor:middle","exclude assets and most pages",[315,334,338],{"x":335,"y":336,"fill":290,"style":337},"504.0","92.6","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:start","excluded paths never invoke code",[315,340,77],{"x":324,"y":341,"fill":319,"style":326},"169.5",[315,343,345],{"x":324,"y":344,"fill":290,"style":331},"186.4","CSP nonce on HTML only",[315,347,349],{"x":335,"y":348,"fill":290,"style":337},"175.8","runs for included paths",[315,351,81],{"x":324,"y":352,"fill":319,"style":326},"252.7",[315,354,356],{"x":324,"y":355,"fill":290,"style":331},"269.6","basic auth",[315,358,360],{"x":335,"y":359,"fill":290,"style":337},"259.0","runs for \u002Finternal\u002F* only",[315,362,364],{"x":324,"y":363,"fill":319,"style":326},"335.9","Static asset",[315,366,368],{"x":324,"y":367,"fill":290,"style":331},"352.8","context.next()",[315,370,372],{"x":335,"y":371,"fill":290,"style":337},"342.2","served from the edge",[374,375,274,376,254],"defs",{},[377,378,384,385,274],"marker",{"id":379,"viewBox":380,"refX":281,"refY":381,"markerWidth":382,"markerHeight":382,"orient":383},"pfm-chain-arrow","0 0 10 10","5","7","auto-start-reverse","\n      ",[286,386],{"d":387,"fill":290},"M0 0 L10 5 L0 10 z",[389,390,391],"figcaption",{},"Directory placement and _routes.json together decide which requests pay for code.",[40,393,395],{"id":394},"middleware-1-per-request-csp-nonces","Middleware 1: Per-Request CSP Nonces",[14,397,398,399,402,403,407,408,411],{},"A strict Content Security Policy with a nonce needs a new random value per response, inserted into both the header and the ",[18,400,401],{},"\u003Cscript>"," tags. Hashes are usually better for static sites, as in ",[30,404,406],{"href":405},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fsecurity-headers-for-static-sites\u002Fhash-based-csp-for-inline-scripts-in-astro\u002F","Hash-Based CSP for Inline Scripts in Astro",", but this site embedded a third-party script whose inline bootstrap changed per page. 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  ",[116,691,692],{"class":122},"\u002F\u002F nonced HTML must not be shared\n",[116,694,696,698],{"class":118,"line":695},13,[116,697,226],{"class":129},[116,699,229],{"class":143},[116,701,703],{"class":118,"line":702},14,[116,704,235],{"class":143},[14,706,707,708,711],{},"The ",[18,709,710],{},"Cache-Control"," change matters: a cached nonced page would reuse the nonce for every reader, which defeats it. That makes every HTML request uncacheable at the edge — a real cost, measured below.",[40,713,715],{"id":714},"middleware-2-basic-auth-on-one-section","Middleware 2: Basic Auth on One Section",[14,717,707,718,721],{},[18,719,720],{},"\u002Finternal\u002F"," section holds runbooks for the support team. A middleware in that directory checks a basic-auth header against a secret:",[107,723,725],{"className":109,"code":724,"language":111,"meta":112,"style":112},"\u002F\u002F functions\u002Finternal\u002F_middleware.js\nexport async function onRequest({ request, env, next }) {\n  const expected = 'Basic ' + btoa(`support:${env.INTERNAL_PASSWORD}`);\n  if (request.headers.get('Authorization') !== expected) {\n    return new Response('Authentication required', { status: 401, headers: { 'WWW-Authenticate': 'Basic realm=\"internal\"', 'Cache-Control': 'no-store' } });\n  }\n  const res = await next();\n  const out = new Response(res.body, res);\n  out.headers.set('X-Robots-Tag', 'noindex');\n  out.headers.set('Cache-Control', 'private, no-store');\n  return out;\n}\n",[18,726,727,732,756,790,812,856,861,875,890,908,924,930],{"__ignoreMap":112},[116,728,729],{"class":118,"line":119},[116,730,731],{"class":122},"\u002F\u002F functions\u002Finternal\u002F_middleware.js\n",[116,733,734,736,738,740,742,744,746,748,750,752,754],{"class":118,"line":126},[116,735,130],{"class":129},[116,737,133],{"class":129},[116,739,136],{"class":129},[116,741,140],{"class":139},[116,743,434],{"class":143},[116,745,93],{"class":147},[116,747,94],{"class":143},[116,749,97],{"class":147},[116,751,94],{"class":143},[116,753,100],{"class":147},[116,755,439],{"class":143},[116,757,758,760,763,765,768,771,773,775,778,780,782,785,788],{"class":118,"line":154},[116,759,157],{"class":129},[116,761,762],{"class":160}," expected",[116,764,164],{"class":129},[116,766,767],{"class":211}," 'Basic '",[116,769,770],{"class":129}," +",[116,772,510],{"class":139},[116,774,144],{"class":143},[116,776,777],{"class":211},"`support:${",[116,779,97],{"class":143},[116,781,25],{"class":211},[116,783,784],{"class":160},"INTERNAL_PASSWORD",[116,786,787],{"class":211},"}`",[116,789,220],{"class":143},[116,791,792,794,797,799,801,804,806,809],{"class":118,"line":181},[116,793,461],{"class":129},[116,795,796],{"class":143}," (request.headers.",[116,798,473],{"class":139},[116,800,144],{"class":143},[116,802,803],{"class":211},"'Authorization'",[116,805,610],{"class":143},[116,807,808],{"class":129},"!==",[116,810,811],{"class":143}," expected) {\n",[116,813,814,817,819,821,823,826,829,832,835,838,841,844,846,848,850,853],{"class":118,"line":200},[116,815,816],{"class":129},"    return",[116,818,191],{"class":129},[116,820,194],{"class":139},[116,822,144],{"class":143},[116,824,825],{"class":211},"'Authentication required'",[116,827,828],{"class":143},", { status: ",[116,830,831],{"class":160},"401",[116,833,834],{"class":143},", headers: { ",[116,836,837],{"class":211},"'WWW-Authenticate'",[116,839,840],{"class":143},": ",[116,842,843],{"class":211},"'Basic realm=\"internal\"'",[116,845,94],{"class":143},[116,847,681],{"class":211},[116,849,840],{"class":143},[116,851,852],{"class":211},"'no-store'",[116,854,855],{"class":143}," } });\n",[116,857,858],{"class":118,"line":223},[116,859,860],{"class":143},"  }\n",[116,862,863,865,867,869,871,873],{"class":118,"line":232},[116,864,157],{"class":129},[116,866,446],{"class":160},[116,868,164],{"class":129},[116,870,167],{"class":129},[116,872,453],{"class":139},[116,874,456],{"class":143},[116,876,877,879,881,883,885,887],{"class":118,"line":584},[116,878,157],{"class":129},[116,880,186],{"class":160},[116,882,164],{"class":129},[116,884,191],{"class":129},[116,886,194],{"class":139},[116,888,889],{"class":143},"(res.body, res);\n",[116,891,892,894,896,898,901,903,906],{"class":118,"line":630},[116,893,203],{"class":143},[116,895,206],{"class":139},[116,897,144],{"class":143},[116,899,900],{"class":211},"'X-Robots-Tag'",[116,902,94],{"class":143},[116,904,905],{"class":211},"'noindex'",[116,907,220],{"class":143},[116,909,910,912,914,916,918,920,922],{"class":118,"line":641},[116,911,203],{"class":143},[116,913,206],{"class":139},[116,915,144],{"class":143},[116,917,681],{"class":211},[116,919,94],{"class":143},[116,921,686],{"class":211},[116,923,220],{"class":143},[116,925,926,928],{"class":118,"line":657},[116,927,226],{"class":129},[116,929,229],{"class":143},[116,931,932],{"class":118,"line":672},[116,933,235],{"class":143},[14,935,936,937,940,941,25],{},"Because the file lives in ",[18,938,939],{},"functions\u002Finternal\u002F",", public pages never invoke it. For stronger protection, Cloudflare Access in front of the path replaces the password with single sign-on, as in ",[30,942,944],{"href":943},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fserverless-functions-for-static-sites\u002Fprotecting-a-static-site-behind-authentication\u002F","Protecting a Static Site Behind Authentication",[40,946,948],{"id":947},"middleware-3-a-cookie-based-ab-split","Middleware 3: A Cookie-Based A\u002FB Split",[14,950,951,952,101,955,958,959,961,962,965],{},"One landing page had two variants built as static pages, ",[18,953,954],{},"\u002Fpricing\u002F",[18,956,957],{},"\u002Fpricing\u002Fb\u002F",". Middleware on ",[18,960,954],{}," assigns a variant once, remembers it in a cookie, and serves the matching file with ",[18,963,964],{},"env.ASSETS.fetch"," — a rewrite, so the URL does not change:",[107,967,969],{"className":109,"code":968,"language":111,"meta":112,"style":112},"\u002F\u002F functions\u002Fpricing\u002F_middleware.js\nexport async function onRequest({ request, env, next }) {\n  const url = new URL(request.url);\n  if (url.pathname !== '\u002Fpricing\u002F') return next();\n  const cookie = request.headers.get('Cookie') ?? '';\n  const variant = \u002Fab_pricing=(a|b)\u002F.exec(cookie)?.[1] ?? (Math.random() \u003C 0.5 ? 'a' : 'b');\n  const res = variant === 'b' ? await env.ASSETS.fetch(new URL('\u002Fpricing\u002Fb\u002F', url)) : await next();\n  const out = new Response(res.body, res);\n  out.headers.append('Set-Cookie', `ab_pricing=${variant}; Path=\u002F; Max-Age=2592000; SameSite=Lax; Secure`);\n  out.headers.set('Cache-Control', 'private, no-store');\n  out.headers.set('Vary', 'Cookie');\n  return out;\n}\n",[18,970,971,976,1000,1017,1037,1066,1136,1190,1204,1229,1245,1262,1268],{"__ignoreMap":112},[116,972,973],{"class":118,"line":119},[116,974,975],{"class":122},"\u002F\u002F functions\u002Fpricing\u002F_middleware.js\n",[116,977,978,980,982,984,986,988,990,992,994,996,998],{"class":118,"line":126},[116,979,130],{"class":129},[116,981,133],{"class":129},[116,983,136],{"class":129},[116,985,140],{"class":139},[116,987,434],{"class":143},[116,989,93],{"class":147},[116,991,94],{"class":143},[116,993,97],{"class":147},[116,995,94],{"class":143},[116,997,100],{"class":147},[116,999,439],{"class":143},[116,1001,1002,1004,1007,1009,1011,1014],{"class":118,"line":154},[116,1003,157],{"class":129},[116,1005,1006],{"class":160}," url",[116,1008,164],{"class":129},[116,1010,191],{"class":129},[116,1012,1013],{"class":139}," URL",[116,1015,1016],{"class":143},"(request.url);\n",[116,1018,1019,1021,1024,1026,1029,1031,1033,1035],{"class":118,"line":181},[116,1020,461],{"class":129},[116,1022,1023],{"class":143}," (url.pathname ",[116,1025,808],{"class":129},[116,1027,1028],{"class":211}," '\u002Fpricing\u002F'",[116,1030,610],{"class":143},[116,1032,495],{"class":129},[116,1034,453],{"class":139},[116,1036,456],{"class":143},[116,1038,1039,1041,1044,1046,1049,1051,1053,1056,1058,1061,1064],{"class":118,"line":200},[116,1040,157],{"class":129},[116,1042,1043],{"class":160}," cookie",[116,1045,164],{"class":129},[116,1047,1048],{"class":143}," request.headers.",[116,1050,473],{"class":139},[116,1052,144],{"class":143},[116,1054,1055],{"class":211},"'Cookie'",[116,1057,610],{"class":143},[116,1059,1060],{"class":129},"??",[116,1062,1063],{"class":211}," ''",[116,1065,564],{"class":143},[116,1067,1068,1070,1073,1075,1078,1082,1085,1088,1091,1093,1096,1099,1102,1105,1107,1110,1113,1116,1119,1122,1125,1128,1131,1134],{"class":118,"line":223},[116,1069,157],{"class":129},[116,1071,1072],{"class":160}," variant",[116,1074,164],{"class":129},[116,1076,1077],{"class":211}," \u002F",[116,1079,1081],{"class":1080},"sA_wV","ab_pricing=(a",[116,1083,1084],{"class":129},"|",[116,1086,1087],{"class":1080},"b)",[116,1089,1090],{"class":211},"\u002F",[116,1092,25],{"class":143},[116,1094,1095],{"class":139},"exec",[116,1097,1098],{"class":143},"(cookie)?.[",[116,1100,1101],{"class":160},"1",[116,1103,1104],{"class":143},"] ",[116,1106,1060],{"class":129},[116,1108,1109],{"class":143}," (Math.",[116,1111,1112],{"class":139},"random",[116,1114,1115],{"class":143},"() ",[116,1117,1118],{"class":129},"\u003C",[116,1120,1121],{"class":160}," 0.5",[116,1123,1124],{"class":129}," ?",[116,1126,1127],{"class":211}," 'a'",[116,1129,1130],{"class":129}," :",[116,1132,1133],{"class":211}," 'b'",[116,1135,220],{"class":143},[116,1137,1138,1140,1142,1144,1147,1150,1152,1154,1156,1159,1162,1164,1167,1169,1171,1173,1175,1178,1181,1184,1186,1188],{"class":118,"line":232},[116,1139,157],{"class":129},[116,1141,446],{"class":160},[116,1143,164],{"class":129},[116,1145,1146],{"class":143}," variant ",[116,1148,1149],{"class":129},"===",[116,1151,1133],{"class":211},[116,1153,1124],{"class":129},[116,1155,167],{"class":129},[116,1157,1158],{"class":143}," env.",[116,1160,1161],{"class":160},"ASSETS",[116,1163,25],{"class":143},[116,1165,1166],{"class":139},"fetch",[116,1168,144],{"class":143},[116,1170,521],{"class":129},[116,1172,1013],{"class":139},[116,1174,144],{"class":143},[116,1176,1177],{"class":211},"'\u002Fpricing\u002Fb\u002F'",[116,1179,1180],{"class":143},", url)) ",[116,1182,1183],{"class":129},":",[116,1185,167],{"class":129},[116,1187,453],{"class":139},[116,1189,456],{"class":143},[116,1191,1192,1194,1196,1198,1200,1202],{"class":118,"line":584},[116,1193,157],{"class":129},[116,1195,186],{"class":160},[116,1197,164],{"class":129},[116,1199,191],{"class":129},[116,1201,194],{"class":139},[116,1203,889],{"class":143},[116,1205,1206,1208,1211,1213,1216,1218,1221,1224,1227],{"class":118,"line":630},[116,1207,203],{"class":143},[116,1209,1210],{"class":139},"append",[116,1212,144],{"class":143},[116,1214,1215],{"class":211},"'Set-Cookie'",[116,1217,94],{"class":143},[116,1219,1220],{"class":211},"`ab_pricing=${",[116,1222,1223],{"class":143},"variant",[116,1225,1226],{"class":211},"}; Path=\u002F; Max-Age=2592000; SameSite=Lax; Secure`",[116,1228,220],{"class":143},[116,1230,1231,1233,1235,1237,1239,1241,1243],{"class":118,"line":641},[116,1232,203],{"class":143},[116,1234,206],{"class":139},[116,1236,144],{"class":143},[116,1238,681],{"class":211},[116,1240,94],{"class":143},[116,1242,686],{"class":211},[116,1244,220],{"class":143},[116,1246,1247,1249,1251,1253,1256,1258,1260],{"class":118,"line":657},[116,1248,203],{"class":143},[116,1250,206],{"class":139},[116,1252,144],{"class":143},[116,1254,1255],{"class":211},"'Vary'",[116,1257,94],{"class":143},[116,1259,1055],{"class":211},[116,1261,220],{"class":143},[116,1263,1264,1266],{"class":118,"line":672},[116,1265,226],{"class":129},[116,1267,229],{"class":143},[116,1269,1270],{"class":118,"line":695},[116,1271,235],{"class":143},[14,1273,1274,1275,101,1277,1280],{},"Variant B's page carries a canonical to ",[18,1276,954],{},[18,1278,1279],{},"noindex",", so search engines see one page.",[243,1282,1283,1394],{},[246,1284,254,1289,254,1292,254,1295,254,1298,254,1387],{"viewBox":1285,"role":249,"ariaLabelledBy":1286,"xmlns":253},"0 0 760 312",[1287,1288],"pfm-ab-title","pfm-ab-desc",[256,1290,1291],{"id":1287},"Sequence of the cookie-based A\u002FB split in middleware",[260,1293,1294],{"id":1288},"A first-time reader requests \u002Fpricing\u002F with no cookie. The middleware picks variant B at random, fetches the static \u002Fpricing\u002Fb\u002F page through env.ASSETS and returns it at the \u002Fpricing\u002F URL with a Set-Cookie header. On a later visit the browser sends the ab_pricing cookie and the middleware serves the same variant without choosing again.",[264,1296],{"x":266,"y":266,"width":267,"height":1297,"fill":269},"312",[271,1299,274,1300,274,1307,274,1310,274,1313,274,1317,274,1320,274,1324,274,1327,274,1330,274,1334,274,1337,274,1340,274,1343,274,1348,274,1352,274,1355,274,1358,274,1362,274,1365,274,1370,274,1375,274,1379,274,1383,254],{"style":273},[264,1301],{"x":1302,"y":1303,"width":1304,"height":280,"rx":281,"fill":1305,"stroke":1306,"style":284},"55.0","56.0","170.0","#f8fafc","#d9e2ef",[264,1308],{"x":1309,"y":1303,"width":1304,"height":280,"rx":281,"fill":282,"opacity":283,"stroke":282,"style":284},"295.0",[264,1311],{"x":1312,"y":1303,"width":1304,"height":280,"rx":281,"fill":311,"opacity":312,"stroke":313,"style":284},"535.0",[286,1314],{"d":1315,"fill":289,"stroke":290,"style":1316},"M144.0 148.1 L374.0 148.1","stroke-width:1.8px;marker-end:url(#pfm-ab-arrow)",[286,1318],{"d":1319,"fill":289,"stroke":290,"style":1316},"M384.0 181.1 L614.0 181.1",[286,1321],{"d":1322,"fill":289,"stroke":290,"style":1323},"M376.0 214.0 L146.0 214.0","stroke-width:1.8px;stroke-dasharray:5 4;marker-end:url(#pfm-ab-arrow)",[286,1325],{"d":1326,"fill":289,"stroke":290,"style":1316},"M144.0 247.0 L374.0 247.0",[286,1328],{"d":1329,"fill":289,"stroke":290,"style":1316},"M384.0 279.9 L614.0 279.9",[286,1331],{"d":1332,"fill":289,"stroke":1306,"style":1333},"M140.0 115.2 L140.0 295.9","stroke-width:1.5px;stroke-dasharray:4 4",[286,1335],{"d":1336,"fill":289,"stroke":1306,"style":1333},"M380.0 115.2 L380.0 295.9",[286,1338],{"d":1339,"fill":289,"stroke":1306,"style":1333},"M620.0 115.2 L620.0 295.9",[315,1341,1342],{"x":317,"y":318,"fill":319,"style":320},"Assigning and keeping a pricing variant",[315,1344,1347],{"x":1345,"y":1346,"fill":319,"style":326},"140.0","82.4","Browser",[315,1349,1351],{"x":1345,"y":1350,"fill":290,"style":331},"99.3","reader",[315,1353,1354],{"x":317,"y":1346,"fill":319,"style":326},"Middleware",[315,1356,1357],{"x":317,"y":1350,"fill":290,"style":331},"functions\u002Fpricing",[315,1359,1361],{"x":1360,"y":1346,"fill":319,"style":326},"620.0","Static assets",[315,1363,1364],{"x":1360,"y":1350,"fill":290,"style":331},"env.ASSETS",[315,1366,1369],{"x":324,"y":1367,"fill":319,"style":1368},"140.1","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:middle","GET \u002Fpricing\u002F (no cookie)",[315,1371,1374],{"x":1372,"y":1373,"fill":319,"style":1368},"500.0","173.1","pick b, fetch \u002Fpricing\u002Fb\u002F",[315,1376,1378],{"x":324,"y":1377,"fill":290,"style":1368},"206.0","page B + Set-Cookie ab_pricing=b",[315,1380,1382],{"x":324,"y":1381,"fill":319,"style":1368},"239.0","later: GET \u002Fpricing\u002F with cookie",[315,1384,1386],{"x":1372,"y":1385,"fill":319,"style":1368},"271.9","fetch the same variant",[374,1388,274,1389,254],{},[377,1390,384,1392,274],{"id":1391,"viewBox":380,"refX":281,"refY":381,"markerWidth":382,"markerHeight":382,"orient":383},"pfm-ab-arrow",[286,1393],{"d":387,"fill":290},[389,1395,1396],{},"The variant is a rewrite, not a redirect, so the URL and analytics page path stay the same.",[14,1398,1399,1400,1403],{},"Because variants are ordinary static pages, both are built, previewed and tested like any other page, and ending the experiment is a matter of deleting the middleware file and the losing page. The split was checked by sampling 2,000 requests with and without cookies: assignment was 50.3% to 49.7%, and every repeat request with a cookie received its original variant. Analytics records the variant from a ",[18,1401,1402],{},"data-variant"," attribute that each page's HTML carries, so no client-side experiment script is needed.",[40,1405,1407],{"id":1406},"scoping-with-_routesjson","Scoping With _routes.json",[14,1409,1410,1411,1413,1414,1417],{},"A root ",[18,1412,20],{}," makes every request — every image, script and font — invoke a function, even if the code returns early. ",[18,1415,1416],{},"_routes.json"," in the build output tells Pages which paths invoke functions at all:",[107,1419,1423],{"className":1420,"code":1421,"language":1422,"meta":112,"style":112},"language-json shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","{\n  \"version\": 1,\n  \"include\": [\"\u002F*\"],\n  \"exclude\": [\"\u002F_astro\u002F*\", \"\u002Fimg\u002F*\", \"\u002Ffonts\u002F*\", \"\u002F*.xml\", \"\u002F*.txt\", \"\u002Ffavicon.ico\", \"\u002Fpagefind\u002F*\"]\n}\n","json",[18,1424,1425,1430,1442,1456,1499],{"__ignoreMap":112},[116,1426,1427],{"class":118,"line":119},[116,1428,1429],{"class":143},"{\n",[116,1431,1432,1435,1437,1439],{"class":118,"line":126},[116,1433,1434],{"class":160},"  \"version\"",[116,1436,840],{"class":143},[116,1438,1101],{"class":160},[116,1440,1441],{"class":143},",\n",[116,1443,1444,1447,1450,1453],{"class":118,"line":154},[116,1445,1446],{"class":160},"  \"include\"",[116,1448,1449],{"class":143},": [",[116,1451,1452],{"class":211},"\"\u002F*\"",[116,1454,1455],{"class":143},"],\n",[116,1457,1458,1461,1463,1466,1468,1471,1473,1476,1478,1481,1483,1486,1488,1491,1493,1496],{"class":118,"line":181},[116,1459,1460],{"class":160},"  \"exclude\"",[116,1462,1449],{"class":143},[116,1464,1465],{"class":211},"\"\u002F_astro\u002F*\"",[116,1467,94],{"class":143},[116,1469,1470],{"class":211},"\"\u002Fimg\u002F*\"",[116,1472,94],{"class":143},[116,1474,1475],{"class":211},"\"\u002Ffonts\u002F*\"",[116,1477,94],{"class":143},[116,1479,1480],{"class":211},"\"\u002F*.xml\"",[116,1482,94],{"class":143},[116,1484,1485],{"class":211},"\"\u002F*.txt\"",[116,1487,94],{"class":143},[116,1489,1490],{"class":211},"\"\u002Ffavicon.ico\"",[116,1492,94],{"class":143},[116,1494,1495],{"class":211},"\"\u002Fpagefind\u002F*\"",[116,1497,1498],{"class":143},"]\n",[116,1500,1501],{"class":118,"line":200},[116,1502,235],{"class":143},[14,1504,1505],{},"With assets excluded, the CSP middleware ran only for HTML. Before scoping, a typical page view invoked the function 23 times (HTML plus assets); after, once.",[243,1507,1508,1566],{},[246,1509,254,1514,254,1517,254,1520,254,1523],{"viewBox":1510,"role":249,"ariaLabelledBy":1511,"xmlns":253},"0 0 760 295",[1512,1513],"pfm-inv-title","pfm-inv-desc",[256,1515,1516],{"id":1512},"Invocations per page view before and after scoping middleware",[260,1518,1519],{"id":1513},"Vertical bars. With an unscoped root middleware, one page view invoked the function 23 times, once for the HTML and once for each asset. After excluding assets with _routes.json, a page view invoked it once. Monthly invocations fell from 41 million to 1.9 million.",[264,1521],{"x":266,"y":266,"width":267,"height":1522,"fill":269},"295",[271,1524,274,1525,274,1535,274,1541,274,1544,274,1547,274,1554,274,1558,274,1563,254],{"style":273},[264,1526],{"x":1527,"y":1528,"width":1529,"height":1304,"rx":1530,"fill":1531,"opacity":1532,"stroke":1533,"style":1534},"165.0","76.0","90.0","3","#ff595e","0.3","#d83b41","stroke-width:1px",[264,1536],{"x":1537,"y":1538,"width":1529,"height":1539,"rx":1530,"fill":311,"opacity":1540,"stroke":313,"style":1534},"505.0","238.6","7.4","0.4",[286,1542],{"d":1543,"fill":289,"stroke":290,"style":284},"M30.0 246.0 L730.0 246.0",[315,1545,1546],{"x":317,"y":318,"fill":319,"style":320},"Function invocations per page view",[315,1548,1553],{"x":1549,"y":1550,"fill":1551,"style":1552},"210.0","69.0","#b32b30","font-size:12px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","23",[315,1555,1557],{"x":1549,"y":1556,"fill":290,"style":1368},"264.0","Unscoped root middleware",[315,1559,1101],{"x":1560,"y":1561,"fill":1562,"style":1552},"550.0","231.6","#3f6410",[315,1564,1565],{"x":1560,"y":1556,"fill":290,"style":1368},"Scoped with _routes.json",[389,1567,1568],{},"Cloudflare analytics for the Pages project over 30 days; traffic similar in both periods.",[40,1570,1572],{"id":1571},"testing-middleware-locally-and-in-ci","Testing Middleware Locally and in CI",[14,1574,1575,1578,1579,1581,1582,1585,1586,1590,1591,1593,1594,1597,1598,1600,1601,1604],{},[18,1576,1577],{},"wrangler pages dev dist"," runs the static output and the ",[18,1580,60],{}," directory together locally, with bindings and secrets from a ",[18,1583,1584],{},".dev.vars"," file, so middleware can be exercised before deploying. The redirect and header test table described in ",[30,1587,1589],{"href":1588},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Ftesting-static-sites-in-ci\u002Ftesting-redirects-and-headers-before-deploy\u002F","Testing Redirects and Headers Before Deploy"," gained three rows: ",[18,1592,720],{}," without credentials must return 401 with ",[18,1595,1596],{},"no-store","; ",[18,1599,954],{}," without a cookie must set ",[18,1602,1603],{},"ab_pricing","; and any HTML page must carry the expected CSP. Running that table against every preview deploy caught one regression, where a refactor of the auth middleware returned the protected page with a public cache header for a single preview — exactly the kind of bug that would be serious in production.",[40,1606,1608],{"id":1607},"measured-impact","Measured Impact",[1610,1611,1612,1628],"table",{},[1613,1614,1615],"thead",{},[1616,1617,1618,1622,1625],"tr",{},[1619,1620,1621],"th",{},"Measure",[1619,1623,1624],{},"Static only",[1619,1626,1627],{},"With scoped middleware",[1629,1630,1631,1643,1654,1665,1675],"tbody",{},[1616,1632,1633,1637,1640],{},[1634,1635,1636],"td",{},"Middleware overhead per HTML request (p50 \u002F p95)",[1634,1638,1639],{},"—",[1634,1641,1642],{},"1.4 ms \u002F 3.1 ms",[1616,1644,1645,1648,1651],{},[1634,1646,1647],{},"HTML edge cache hit ratio",[1634,1649,1650],{},"94%",[1634,1652,1653],{},"0% for nonced pages, 94% elsewhere",[1616,1655,1656,1659,1662],{},[1634,1657,1658],{},"TTFB p75 for nonced HTML",[1634,1660,1661],{},"120 ms",[1634,1663,1664],{},"210 ms (no edge cache)",[1616,1666,1667,1670,1672],{},[1634,1668,1669],{},"Function invocations per month",[1634,1671,266],{},[1634,1673,1674],{},"1.9 million (41 million before scoping)",[1616,1676,1677,1680,1682],{},[1634,1678,1679],{},"Pricing A\u002FB variants served correctly (sample of 2,000)",[1634,1681,1639],{},[1634,1683,1684],{},"100%, sticky",[14,1686,1687],{},"The CSP nonce had a real cost: losing edge caching on HTML added about 90 ms of TTFB at p75. After measuring it, the team moved the third-party bootstrap into an external file and switched to hash-based CSP, restored edge caching, and kept middleware only for the internal section and the A\u002FB test.",[40,1689,1691],{"id":1690},"pitfalls-rollback","Pitfalls & Rollback",[45,1693,1694,1703,1712,1721,1727],{},[48,1695,1696,1702],{},[1697,1698,1699,1700,25],"strong",{},"Root middleware without ",[18,1701,1416],{}," Every asset request invokes code and adds cost.",[48,1704,1705,1708,1709,25],{},[1697,1706,1707],{},"Caching per-request responses."," Nonced, authenticated or cookie-varied HTML must be ",[18,1710,1711],{},"private, no-store",[48,1713,1714,1717,1718,1720],{},[1697,1715,1716],{},"Buffering whole responses."," Use ",[18,1719,410],{}," or pass bodies through to keep streaming.",[48,1722,1723,1726],{},[1697,1724,1725],{},"Secrets in code."," Use environment variables and secrets in the Pages project settings.",[48,1728,1729,1732,1733,1735],{},[1697,1730,1731],{},"Rollback:"," delete the middleware file or narrow ",[18,1734,1416],{},"; the next deploy serves static files directly again.",[40,1737,1739],{"id":1738},"conclusion","Conclusion",[14,1741,1742,1743,1745],{},"Pages Functions middleware gives a static site a few lines of edge logic exactly where they are needed. Place middleware in the directory it applies to, exclude assets with ",[18,1744,1416],{},", and be deliberate about caching, since per-request logic usually makes responses uncacheable. On this site, measuring the cost led to keeping middleware for authentication and one A\u002FB test, and removing it where a static alternative existed.",[40,1747,1749],{"id":1748},"faq","FAQ",[1751,1752,1754],"h3",{"id":1753},"what-is-pages-functions-middleware","What is Pages Functions middleware?",[14,1756,1757],{},"A _middleware.js file in the functions directory of a Cloudflare Pages project. It runs before any function or static asset in its directory and below, receives the request, can modify or short-circuit it, and calls next() to continue to the static asset or a deeper function.",[1751,1759,1761],{"id":1760},"does-middleware-run-for-static-assets","Does middleware run for static assets?",[14,1763,1764],{},"Yes, if the middleware file covers the path. A functions\u002F_middleware.js at the root runs for every request, including images and scripts, which costs invocations and latency. Use _routes.json or place the middleware in a subdirectory to limit where it runs.",[1751,1766,1768],{"id":1767},"how-much-latency-does-middleware-add","How much latency does middleware add?",[14,1770,1771],{},"For simple logic such as adding headers or checking a cookie, the measured overhead was 1 to 3 milliseconds at the edge. Middleware that fetches from an external API adds that API's latency, so cache such lookups or avoid them on hot paths.",[1751,1773,1775],{"id":1774},"is-middleware-billed","Is middleware billed?",[14,1777,1778],{},"Yes. Requests that invoke a Pages Function, including middleware, count as Workers requests. Requests served only as static assets do not. Scoping middleware to the paths that need it keeps costs at zero for the rest of the site.",[40,1780,1782],{"id":1781},"related","Related",[45,1784,1785,1794,1801,1808,1815],{},[48,1786,1787,1790,1791,1793],{},[1697,1788,1789],{},"Parent:"," ",[30,1792,33],{"href":32}," — caching and headers on Pages.",[48,1795,1796,1800],{},[30,1797,1799],{"href":1798},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fcloudflare-pages-edge-caching-setup\u002Fbranch-deploy-controls-on-cloudflare-pages\u002F","Branch Deploy Controls on Cloudflare Pages"," — controlling which branches deploy.",[48,1802,1803,1807],{},[30,1804,1806],{"href":1805},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fsecurity-headers-for-static-sites\u002Fwriting-a-content-security-policy-for-a-static-site\u002F","Writing a Content Security Policy for a Static Site"," — CSP without nonces.",[48,1809,1810,1814],{},[30,1811,1813],{"href":1812},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Frollbacks-and-deploy-safety-for-static-sites\u002Ffeature-flags-on-static-sites\u002F","Feature Flags on Static Sites"," — alternatives to runtime A\u002FB routing.",[48,1816,1817,1821],{},[30,1818,1820],{"href":1819},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fnetlify-vs-vercel-deployment-strategies\u002Fnetlify-edge-functions-for-static-sites\u002F","Netlify Edge Functions for Static Sites"," — the Netlify equivalent.",[1823,1824,1825],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sJ8bj, html code.shiki .sJ8bj{--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D}html pre.shiki code .szBVR, html code.shiki .szBVR{--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sScJk, html code.shiki .sScJk{--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sVt8B, html code.shiki .sVt8B{--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .s4XuR, html 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Segments",{"path":2030,"title":2031},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production","Choosing the Right Static Site Generator for Production",{"path":2033,"title":2034},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-hreflang-errors-reported-in-search-console","Fixing Hreflang Errors Reported in Search Console",{"path":2036,"title":2037},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Fhreflang-and-language-alternates-on-static-sites","hreflang and Language Alternates on Static Sites",{"path":2039,"title":2040},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Fi18n-routing-in-astro","i18n Routing in Astro",{"path":2042,"title":2043},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites","Internationalization for Static 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Export",{"path":2141,"title":2142},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fnextjs-static-export-for-content-sites\u002Fhandling-dynamic-routes-in-nextjs-static-export","Handling Dynamic Routes in Next.js Static Export",{"path":2144,"title":2145},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fnextjs-static-export-for-content-sites","Next.js Static Export for Content Sites",{"path":2147,"title":2148},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fnextjs-static-export-for-content-sites\u002Fmigrating-from-gatsby-to-nextjs-static-export","Migrating from Gatsby to Next.js Static Export",{"path":2150,"title":2151},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fnextjs-static-export-for-content-sites\u002Fnextjs-app-router-static-export-limitations","Next.js App Router Static Export 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Astro",{"path":2255,"title":2256},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Fgenerating-sitemaps-for-large-static-sites","Generating Sitemaps for Large Static Sites",{"path":2258,"title":2259},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites","Technical SEO for Static Sites",{"path":2261,"title":2262},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Frobots-txt-and-noindex-for-preview-and-staging","robots.txt and noindex for Preview and Staging",{"path":2264,"title":2265},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Frss-and-atom-feeds-for-static-blogs","RSS and Atom Feeds for Static Blogs",{"path":2267,"title":2268},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Fseo-safe-pagination-and-tag-pages","SEO-Safe 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Sites",{"path":2282,"title":2283},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcache-keys-and-query-strings-on-cdns","Cache Keys and Query Strings on CDNs",{"path":2285,"title":2286},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcaching-404s-and-redirects-at-the-edge","Caching 404s and Redirects at the Edge",{"path":2288,"title":2289},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcloudflare-vs-cloudfront-cache-hit-ratios-for-static-sites","Cloudflare vs CloudFront Cache Hit Ratios for Static Sites",{"path":2291,"title":2292},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Ffixing-stale-html-after-deploys-on-cloudflare","Fixing Stale HTML After Deploys on Cloudflare",{"path":2294,"title":2295},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs","CDN Caching Rules for SSGs",{"path":2297,"title":2298},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fpurging-the-cdn-cache-after-a-static-deploy","Purging the CDN Cache After a Static Deploy",{"path":2300,"title":2301},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fsetting-cache-control-headers-on-cloudflare-pages","Cache-Control Headers on Cloudflare Pages",{"path":2303,"title":2304},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fsetting-up-proper-cache-headers-on-netlify","Proper Cache Headers on Netlify for SSGs",{"path":2306,"title":2307},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fstale-while-revalidate-for-static-html","Stale-While-Revalidate for Static HTML",{"path":2309,"title":2310},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Ftiered-caching-and-origin-shield","Tiered Caching and Origin Shield",{"path":2312,"title":2313},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fcode-splitting-and-module-preload-in-vite-based-ssgs","Code Splitting and Module Preload in Vite-Based SSGs",{"path":2315,"title":2316},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ffixing-missing-tailwind-classes-in-production-builds","Fixing Missing Tailwind Classes in Production Builds",{"path":2318,"title":2319},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ffixing-unused-javascript-warnings-on-static-pages","Fixing Unused JavaScript Warnings on Static Pages",{"path":2321,"title":2322},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization","CSS and JavaScript Asset Optimization",{"path":2324,"title":2325},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Finlining-critical-css-on-static-sites","Inlining Critical CSS on Static Sites",{"path":2327,"title":2328},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fkeeping-tailwind-css-output-small-on-static-sites","Keeping Tailwind CSS Output Small on Static Sites",{"path":2330,"title":2331},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fminifying-html-css-and-js-in-eleventy","Minifying HTML, CSS and JS in Eleventy",{"path":2333,"title":2334},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fprecompressing-assets-with-brotli-and-zstd","Precompressing Assets with Brotli and Zstd",{"path":2336,"title":2337},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fpurging-unused-css-with-tailwind-and-lightningcss","Purging Unused CSS with Tailwind and Lightning CSS",{"path":2339,"title":2340},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fsvg-icon-sprites-vs-inline-icons","SVG Icon Sprites vs Inline Icons",{"path":2342,"title":2343},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ftailwind-v4-in-astro-without-postcss-plugins","Tailwind v4 in Astro Without PostCSS Plugins",{"path":2345,"title":2346},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Fcls-from-client-side-rendered-components","CLS from Client-Side Rendered Components",{"path":2348,"title":2349},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Fdebugging-cls-with-the-layout-instability-api","Debugging CLS with the Layout Instability API",{"path":2351,"title":2352},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Feliminating-layout-shift-from-web-fonts","Eliminating Layout Shift From Web Fonts",{"path":2354,"title":2355},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-cls-from-cookie-banners","Fixing CLS from Cookie Banners",{"path":2357,"title":2358},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-cls-from-dynamic-table-of-contents-widgets","Fixing CLS From Dynamic Table of Contents Widgets",{"path":2360,"title":2361},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-cls-from-images-without-dimensions-in-markdown","Fixing CLS From Images Without Dimensions in Markdown",{"path":2363,"title":2364},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-cls-from-late-loading-embeds","Fixing CLS From Late-Loading Embeds",{"path":2366,"title":2367},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-cls-from-sticky-headers-and-anchor-links","Fixing CLS from Sticky Headers and Anchor Links",{"path":2369,"title":2370},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites","Cumulative Layout Shift Fixes for Static Sites",{"path":2372,"title":2373},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Fmeasuring-cls-in-the-field-with-web-vitals-js","Measuring CLS in the Field With web-vitals.js",{"path":2375,"title":2376},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Freserving-space-for-ad-and-promo-slots","Reserving Space for Ad and Promo Slots",{"path":2378,"title":2379},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Freserving-space-for-images-and-embeds-to-stop-layout-shift","Reserving Space for Images and Embeds",{"path":2381,"title":2382},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fauditing-font-payload-per-page","Auditing Font Payload per Page",{"path":2384,"title":2385},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-invisible-text-while-web-fonts-load","Fixing Invisible Text While Web Fonts Load",{"path":2387,"title":2388},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Ffont-display-optional-vs-swap","font-display: optional vs swap",{"path":2390,"title":2391},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites","Font Loading Strategies for Static Sites",{"path":2393,"title":2394},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fmetric-matched-fallback-fonts-with-size-adjust","Metric-Matched Fallback Fonts with size-adjust",{"path":2396,"title":2397},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fpreloading-fonts-without-double-downloads","Preloading Fonts Without Double Downloads",{"path":2399,"title":2400},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fself-hosted-fonts-vs-google-fonts-for-static-sites","Self-Hosted Fonts vs Google Fonts for Static Sites",{"path":2402,"title":2403},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fself-hosting-google-fonts-to-eliminate-layout-shift","Self-Host Google Fonts to Eliminate Layout Shift",{"path":2405,"title":2406},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fsubsetting-variable-fonts-for-faster-first-render","Subsetting Variable Fonts for Faster First Render",{"path":2408,"title":2409},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fusing-system-font-stacks-to-skip-webfonts","Using System Font Stacks to Skip Web Fonts",{"path":2411,"title":2412},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fvariable-fonts-vs-static-weights","Variable Fonts vs Static Weights",{"path":2414,"title":2415},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fart-direction-with-the-picture-element","Art Direction with the Picture Element",{"path":2417,"title":2418},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fblur-up-placeholders-with-lqip","Blur-Up Placeholders with LQIP",{"path":2420,"title":2421},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fbuilding-an-image-cdn-pipeline-for-static-sites","Building an Image CDN Pipeline for Static Sites",{"path":2423,"title":2424},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fcaching-processed-images-between-builds","Caching Processed Images Between Builds",{"path":2426,"title":2427},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Ffixing-blurry-images-from-astro-assets-resizing","Fixing Blurry Images From astro:assets Resizing",{"path":2429,"title":2430},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fgenerating-open-graph-images-at-build-time","Generating Open Graph Images at Build Time",{"path":2432,"title":2433},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro","Image Optimization Pipelines in Astro",{"path":2435,"title":2436},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Flazy-loading-images-without-hurting-lcp","Lazy-Loading Images Without Hurting LCP",{"path":2438,"title":2439},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Foptimizing-webp-images-in-hugo-without-plugins","Optimizing WebP Images in Hugo Without Plugins",{"path":2441,"title":2442},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fresponsive-images-with-srcset-in-eleventy","Responsive Images with srcset in Eleventy",{"path":2444,"title":2445},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fserving-astro-images-through-cloudflare-image-resizing","Serving Astro Images Through Cloudflare Image Resizing",{"path":2447,"title":2448},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fserving-avif-with-fallbacks-on-static-sites","Serving AVIF With Fallbacks on Static Sites",{"path":2450,"title":2451},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs","Core Web Vitals Optimization for SSGs",{"path":2453,"title":2454},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fastro-islands-vs-full-hydration-performance","Astro Islands vs Full Hydration Performance",{"path":2456,"title":2457},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fbreaking-up-long-tasks-on-static-sites","Breaking Up Long Tasks on Static Sites",{"path":2459,"title":2460},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fdeferring-hydration-with-client-visible-in-astro","Deferring Hydration with client:visible in Astro",{"path":2462,"title":2463},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Ffixing-hydration-mismatch-errors-in-astro-islands","Fixing Hydration Mismatch Errors in Astro 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RUM",{"path":2477,"title":2478},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fpreact-vs-react-islands-bundle-size","Preact vs React Islands Bundle Size",{"path":2480,"title":2481},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Freplacing-react-islands-with-web-components","Replacing React Islands with Web Components",{"path":2483,"title":2484},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fserver-islands-in-astro","Server Islands in Astro",{"path":2486,"title":2487},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Feliminating-render-blocking-css-on-static-sites","Eliminating Render-Blocking CSS on Static 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