[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2133},["ShallowReactive",2],{"page:\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Fimproving-ttfb-for-static-html":3,"all-docs-nav":989,"filed:\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Fimproving-ttfb-for-static-html":2127},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"breadcrumb":964,"dateModified":974,"datePublished":974,"description":975,"extension":976,"faq":977,"meta":982,"navigation":983,"path":984,"seo":985,"slug":12,"stem":986,"type":987,"__hash__":988},"content\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Fimproving-ttfb-for-static-html\u002Findex.md","Improving TTFB for Static HTML",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":946},"minimark",[9,13,17,26,31,49,53,59,197,204,271,382,386,393,400,420,424,431,444,567,571,574,595,599,614,618,621,701,813,817,859,863,866,870,875,878,882,885,889,892,896,899,903,942],[10,11,5],"h1",{"id":12},"improving-ttfb-for-static-html",[14,15,16],"p",{},"Time to first byte is the part of page loading that static sites are supposed to have solved. There is no database query, no template rendering, no application server — just a file. Yet field data regularly shows static sites with TTFB at p75 of 600 ms, 800 ms or more on mobile, and since LCP cannot start before the HTML arrives, that time comes straight off the LCP budget. The cause is never generating the page; it is where the page comes from and how many round trips it takes to get there.",[14,18,19,20,25],{},"This guide breaks TTFB into its parts for a static site, measures each in the field, and fixes the ones that matter: HTML not cached at the edge, redirect chains, connection setup and origin placement, plus 103 Early Hints for what remains. It is part of ",[21,22,24],"a",{"href":23},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002F","Largest Contentful Paint Optimization for Static Sites",". The site is a documentation site served from S3 in Frankfurt behind a CDN, with a global audience; its mobile TTFB at p75 was 640 ms before this work.",[27,28,30],"h2",{"id":29},"prerequisites","Prerequisites",[32,33,34,43,46],"ul",{},[35,36,37,38,42],"li",{},"Field TTFB with sub-parts from the Navigation Timing API (the ",[39,40,41],"code",{},"web-vitals"," attribution build reports them).",[35,44,45],{},"CDN analytics or logs with cache status for HTML.",[35,47,48],{},"Access to CDN caching and redirect configuration.",[27,50,52],{"id":51},"step-1-break-ttfb-into-its-parts","Step 1: Break TTFB Into Its Parts",[14,54,55,56,58],{},"The ",[39,57,41],{}," attribution build splits TTFB into waiting time (before the request could start, including redirects), DNS, connection (TCP and TLS), and request time (from sending the request to the first byte):",[60,61,66],"pre",{"className":62,"code":63,"language":64,"meta":65,"style":65},"language-js shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","import { onTTFB } from 'web-vitals\u002Fattribution';\nonTTFB(({ value, attribution: a }) => beacon({\n  metric: 'TTFB', value, cacheStatus: performance.getEntriesByType('navigation')[0]?.serverTiming?.find((t) => t.name === 'cdn-cache')?.description,\n  waiting: a.waitingDuration, dns: a.dnsDuration, connection: a.connectionDuration, request: a.requestDuration\n}));\n","js","",[39,67,68,91,128,185,191],{"__ignoreMap":65},[69,70,73,77,81,84,88],"span",{"class":71,"line":72},"line",1,[69,74,76],{"class":75},"szBVR","import",[69,78,80],{"class":79},"sVt8B"," { onTTFB } ",[69,82,83],{"class":75},"from",[69,85,87],{"class":86},"sZZnC"," 'web-vitals\u002Fattribution'",[69,89,90],{"class":79},";\n",[69,92,94,98,101,105,108,111,114,116,119,122,125],{"class":71,"line":93},2,[69,95,97],{"class":96},"sScJk","onTTFB",[69,99,100],{"class":79},"(({ ",[69,102,104],{"class":103},"s4XuR","value",[69,106,107],{"class":79},", ",[69,109,110],{"class":103},"attribution",[69,112,113],{"class":79},": ",[69,115,21],{"class":103},[69,117,118],{"class":79}," }) ",[69,120,121],{"class":75},"=>",[69,123,124],{"class":96}," beacon",[69,126,127],{"class":79},"({\n",[69,129,131,134,137,140,143,146,149,152,156,159,162,165,168,171,173,176,179,182],{"class":71,"line":130},3,[69,132,133],{"class":79},"  metric: ",[69,135,136],{"class":86},"'TTFB'",[69,138,139],{"class":79},", value, cacheStatus: performance.",[69,141,142],{"class":96},"getEntriesByType",[69,144,145],{"class":79},"(",[69,147,148],{"class":86},"'navigation'",[69,150,151],{"class":79},")[",[69,153,155],{"class":154},"sj4cs","0",[69,157,158],{"class":79},"]?.serverTiming?.",[69,160,161],{"class":96},"find",[69,163,164],{"class":79},"((",[69,166,167],{"class":103},"t",[69,169,170],{"class":79},") ",[69,172,121],{"class":75},[69,174,175],{"class":79}," t.name ",[69,177,178],{"class":75},"===",[69,180,181],{"class":86}," 'cdn-cache'",[69,183,184],{"class":79},")?.description,\n",[69,186,188],{"class":71,"line":187},4,[69,189,190],{"class":79},"  waiting: a.waitingDuration, dns: a.dnsDuration, connection: a.connectionDuration, request: a.requestDuration\n",[69,192,194],{"class":71,"line":193},5,[69,195,196],{"class":79},"}));\n",[14,198,199,200,203],{},"The CDN was configured to add a ",[39,201,202],{},"Server-Timing: cdn-cache;desc=HIT"," header, so each beacon records whether the HTML came from the edge cache. A week of mobile data at p75:",[205,206,207,223],"table",{},[208,209,210],"thead",{},[211,212,213,217,220],"tr",{},[214,215,216],"th",{},"Part",[214,218,219],{},"p75",[214,221,222],{},"Main cause",[224,225,226,238,249,260],"tbody",{},[211,227,228,232,235],{},[229,230,231],"td",{},"Waiting (incl. redirects)",[229,233,234],{},"190 ms",[229,236,237],{},"www and trailing-slash redirects from shared links",[211,239,240,243,246],{},[229,241,242],{},"DNS",[229,244,245],{},"40 ms",[229,247,248],{},"first visit lookups",[211,250,251,254,257],{},[229,252,253],{},"Connection (TCP + TLS)",[229,255,256],{},"110 ms",[229,258,259],{},"TLS 1.3 without 0-RTT on some paths",[211,261,262,265,268],{},[229,263,264],{},"Request (to first byte)",[229,266,267],{},"280 ms",[229,269,270],{},"41% of HTML requests missed the edge cache",[272,273,274,378],"figure",{},[275,276,283,284,283,288,283,292,283,298],"svg",{"viewBox":277,"role":278,"ariaLabelledBy":279,"xmlns":282},"0 0 760 210","img",[280,281],"ttfb-parts-title","ttfb-parts-desc","http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg","\n  ",[285,286,287],"title",{"id":280},"Breakdown of mobile TTFB into waiting, DNS, connection and request time",[289,290,291],"desc",{"id":281},"Horizontal bars of the 75th percentile of each TTFB part on mobile. Request time 280 milliseconds, mostly edge cache misses fetched from Frankfurt. Waiting time 190 milliseconds, mostly redirects. Connection time 110 milliseconds. DNS 40 milliseconds.",[293,294],"rect",{"x":155,"y":155,"width":295,"height":296,"fill":297},"760","210","#ffffff",[299,300,302,303,302,314,302,318,302,325,302,330,302,337,302,345,302,350,302,356,302,360,302,364,302,367,302,371,302,374,283],"g",{"style":301},"font-family:system-ui, sans-serif;font-size:12px","\n    ",[293,304],{"x":305,"y":306,"width":307,"height":308,"rx":309,"fill":310,"opacity":311,"stroke":312,"style":313},"240.0","65.0","435.9","20.0","3","#ff595e","0.3","#d83b41","stroke-width:1px",[293,315],{"x":305,"y":316,"width":317,"height":308,"rx":309,"fill":310,"opacity":311,"stroke":312,"style":313},"99.0","295.8",[293,319],{"x":305,"y":320,"width":321,"height":308,"rx":309,"fill":322,"opacity":323,"stroke":324,"style":313},"133.0","171.3","#ffca3a","0.45","#a97b00",[293,326],{"x":305,"y":327,"width":328,"height":308,"rx":309,"fill":329,"opacity":311,"stroke":329,"style":313},"167.0","62.3","#1982c4",[331,332],"path",{"d":333,"fill":334,"stroke":335,"style":336},"M240.0 60.0 L240.0 192.0","none","#556071","stroke-width:1.5px",[338,339,344],"text",{"x":340,"y":341,"fill":342,"style":343},"380.0","30.0","#1f2937","font-size:16px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","Mobile TTFB at p75, by part",[338,346,349],{"x":308,"y":347,"fill":342,"style":348},"79.2","font-size:12px;text-anchor:start","Request (cache misses)",[338,351,267],{"x":352,"y":353,"fill":354,"style":355},"683.9","79.5","#b32b30","font-size:12px;text-anchor:start;font-weight:700",[338,357,359],{"x":308,"y":358,"fill":342,"style":348},"113.2","Waiting (redirects)",[338,361,234],{"x":362,"y":363,"fill":354,"style":355},"543.8","113.5",[338,365,253],{"x":308,"y":366,"fill":342,"style":348},"147.2",[338,368,256],{"x":369,"y":370,"fill":342,"style":355},"419.3","147.5",[338,372,242],{"x":308,"y":373,"fill":342,"style":348},"181.2",[338,375,245],{"x":376,"y":377,"fill":342,"style":355},"310.3","181.5",[379,380,381],"figcaption",{},"Percentiles of parts do not add up to the percentile of the total; they show where the time goes.",[27,383,385],{"id":384},"step-2-cache-html-at-the-edge","Step 2: Cache HTML at the Edge",[14,387,388,389,392],{},"The largest part was request time on cache misses: HTML was served with ",[39,390,391],{},"Cache-Control: max-age=0, must-revalidate",", which CDNs interpret as \"revalidate with the origin every time\". Each revalidation is a round trip to Frankfurt — about 20 ms for European readers and 300 ms or more for Asia-Pacific. The fix is to let the edge cache HTML for a short time and serve stale while revalidating, while browsers still revalidate:",[60,394,398],{"className":395,"code":397,"language":338,"meta":65},[396],"language-text","Cache-Control: public, max-age=0, s-maxage=300, stale-while-revalidate=86400\n",[39,399,397],{"__ignoreMap":65},[14,401,402,405,406,409,410,414,415,419],{},[39,403,404],{},"s-maxage=300"," lets the CDN serve the HTML for five minutes without asking the origin; ",[39,407,408],{},"stale-while-revalidate"," lets it serve a stale copy while fetching a new one in the background; deploys purge HTML so new content appears immediately. The details and trade-offs are in ",[21,411,413],{"href":412},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fstale-while-revalidate-for-static-html\u002F","Stale-While-Revalidate for Static HTML",". Tiered caching, as in ",[21,416,418],{"href":417},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Ftiered-caching-and-origin-shield\u002F","Tiered Caching and Origin Shield",", then served most remaining misses from a regional tier. The HTML edge hit ratio went from 59% to 95%.",[27,421,423],{"id":422},"step-3-remove-redirect-hops","Step 3: Remove Redirect Hops",[14,425,426,427,430],{},"Waiting time was dominated by redirects. Analytics showed that 23% of landing navigations arrived through at least one redirect: ",[39,428,429],{},"www."," to the apex domain, slash-less URLs to trailing-slash URLs, and old paths from a migration — and some links from the company's own marketing emails chained all three. Each hop is a full round trip before the real request can begin.",[14,432,433,434,438,439,443],{},"Three changes: marketing links and the site's own internal links were updated to final URLs (a link checker in CI now treats internal redirects as errors, as in ",[21,435,437],{"href":436},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fcontent-workflows-for-documentation-teams\u002Fchecking-links-in-pull-requests\u002F","Checking Links in Pull Requests","); the redirect rules were flattened so every old URL goes to its final destination in one hop; and redirects moved from the origin to the edge, so the remaining hops take one short round trip to the nearest edge rather than one to Frankfurt, as described in ",[21,440,442],{"href":441},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcaching-404s-and-redirects-at-the-edge\u002F","Caching 404s and Redirects at the Edge",".",[272,445,446,564],{},[275,447,283,452,283,455,283,458,283,461,283,549],{"viewBox":448,"role":278,"ariaLabelledBy":449,"xmlns":282},"0 0 760 181",[450,451],"ttfb-hops-title","ttfb-hops-desc",[285,453,454],{"id":450},"Navigation timeline for a shared link with redirects",[289,456,457],{"id":451},"A timeline for a mobile reader in Singapore following a shared link. Before, the www redirect completed at 240 milliseconds, the trailing slash redirect at 480 milliseconds, and the final HTML's first byte arrived at 810 milliseconds after an origin fetch. After flattening redirects to one edge hop and caching HTML at the edge, the single redirect completed at 60 milliseconds and the first byte of cached HTML arrived at 150 milliseconds.",[293,459],{"x":155,"y":155,"width":295,"height":460,"fill":297},"181",[299,462,302,463,302,467,302,473,302,476,302,478,302,483,302,486,302,489,302,494,302,498,302,501,302,503,302,506,302,509,302,512,302,515,302,520,302,525,302,528,302,530,302,533,302,536,302,540,302,543,302,546,283],{"style":301},[331,464],{"d":465,"fill":334,"stroke":335,"style":466},"M30.0 115.2 L734.0 115.2","stroke-width:2px;marker-end:url(#ttfb-hops-arrow)",[468,469],"circle",{"cx":470,"cy":471,"r":472,"fill":310,"stroke":312,"style":336},"60.0","115.2","7",[468,474],{"cx":475,"cy":471,"r":472,"fill":310,"stroke":312,"style":336},"220.0",[468,477],{"cx":340,"cy":471,"r":472,"fill":310,"stroke":312,"style":336},[468,479],{"cx":480,"cy":471,"r":472,"fill":481,"stroke":482,"style":336},"540.0","#8ac926","#5a8a16",[468,484],{"cx":485,"cy":471,"r":472,"fill":481,"stroke":482,"style":336},"700.0",[338,487,488],{"x":340,"y":341,"fill":342,"style":343},"A shared link with two redirects, before and after",[338,490,493],{"x":470,"y":491,"fill":342,"style":492},"83.6","font-size:12px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","www redirect",[338,495,497],{"x":470,"y":496,"fill":342,"style":492},"99.2","(before)",[338,499,500],{"x":475,"y":491,"fill":342,"style":492},"slash redirect",[338,502,497],{"x":475,"y":496,"fill":342,"style":492},[338,504,505],{"x":340,"y":496,"fill":342,"style":492},"First byte (before)",[338,507,508],{"x":480,"y":491,"fill":342,"style":492},"One edge redirect",[338,510,511],{"x":480,"y":496,"fill":342,"style":492},"(after)",[338,513,514],{"x":485,"y":496,"fill":342,"style":492},"First byte (after)",[338,516,519],{"x":470,"y":517,"fill":354,"style":518},"141.2","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","240 ms",[338,521,524],{"x":470,"y":522,"fill":335,"style":523},"159.2","font-size:11px;text-anchor:middle","origin round trip",[338,526,527],{"x":475,"y":517,"fill":354,"style":518},"480 ms",[338,529,524],{"x":475,"y":522,"fill":335,"style":523},[338,531,532],{"x":340,"y":517,"fill":354,"style":518},"810 ms",[338,534,535],{"x":340,"y":522,"fill":335,"style":523},"cache miss to Frankfurt",[338,537,539],{"x":480,"y":517,"fill":538,"style":518},"#3f6410","60 ms",[338,541,542],{"x":480,"y":522,"fill":335,"style":523},"nearest edge",[338,544,545],{"x":485,"y":517,"fill":538,"style":518},"150 ms",[338,547,548],{"x":485,"y":522,"fill":335,"style":523},"edge cache hit",[550,551,302,552,283],"defs",{},[553,554,560,561,302],"marker",{"id":555,"viewBox":556,"refX":557,"refY":558,"markerWidth":472,"markerHeight":472,"orient":559},"ttfb-hops-arrow","0 0 10 10","8","5","auto-start-reverse","\n      ",[331,562],{"d":563,"fill":335},"M0 0 L10 5 L0 10 z",[379,565,566],{},"Timings from Navigation Timing on a real device over 4G; the after case uses one edge redirect.",[27,568,570],{"id":569},"step-4-connection-setup","Step 4: Connection Setup",[14,572,573],{},"Connection time — TCP plus TLS — is paid once per origin per visit, but it is paid on the navigation request, so it lands directly in TTFB. Checks and changes:",[32,575,576,583,589],{},[35,577,578,582],{},[579,580,581],"strong",{},"TLS 1.3 and HTTP\u002F3"," enabled at the CDN. HTTP\u002F3 over QUIC combines transport and TLS handshakes; on this site's mobile traffic, 58% of navigations used HTTP\u002F3 after enabling it, and their connection time at p75 was 38 ms lower than HTTP\u002F2.",[35,584,585,588],{},[579,586,587],{},"Certificate chain size."," A certificate chain with an extra intermediate added a round trip for some clients; switching to the CDN's managed certificate with an ECDSA key and a short chain removed it.",[35,590,591,594],{},[579,592,593],{},"DNS."," A low TTL of 60 seconds on the apex record, left over from a migration, caused frequent re-resolution; raising it to one hour cut DNS time at p75 from 40 ms to 22 ms.",[27,596,598],{"id":597},"step-5-use-103-early-hints-for-what-remains","Step 5: Use 103 Early Hints for What Remains",[14,600,601,602,605,606,608,609,613],{},"Even a fast TTFB is time the browser spends idle. 103 Early Hints lets the CDN send ",[39,603,604],{},"Link"," headers for critical resources before the final response, so the browser starts fetching the stylesheet and hero image while the HTML is still on its way. On Cloudflare, Early Hints are generated from ",[39,607,604],{}," headers the site already sends and replayed from cache; details are in ",[21,610,612],{"href":611},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fresource-hints-and-navigation-speed\u002Fearly-hints-103-on-cloudflare\u002F","Early Hints 103 on Cloudflare",". On this site, once HTML was cached at the edge, Early Hints helped mainly on the remaining cache misses, where it overlapped about 90 ms of origin wait with resource fetching.",[27,615,617],{"id":616},"measured-impact","Measured Impact",[14,619,620],{},"Two weeks of field data before and after, mobile:",[205,622,623,636],{},[208,624,625],{},[211,626,627,630,633],{},[214,628,629],{},"Measure",[214,631,632],{},"Before",[214,634,635],{},"After",[224,637,638,648,658,669,680,690],{},[211,639,640,643,646],{},[229,641,642],{},"TTFB p75, all regions",[229,644,645],{},"640 ms",[229,647,234],{},[211,649,650,653,656],{},[229,651,652],{},"TTFB p75, Asia-Pacific",[229,654,655],{},"1,080 ms",[229,657,519],{},[211,659,660,663,666],{},[229,661,662],{},"HTML edge hit ratio",[229,664,665],{},"59%",[229,667,668],{},"95%",[211,670,671,674,677],{},[229,672,673],{},"Landing navigations with ≥1 redirect",[229,675,676],{},"23%",[229,678,679],{},"6%",[211,681,682,685,687],{},[229,683,684],{},"Connection time p75",[229,686,256],{},[229,688,689],{},"71 ms",[211,691,692,695,698],{},[229,693,694],{},"LCP p75, all regions",[229,696,697],{},"2.1 s",[229,699,700],{},"1.6 s",[272,702,703,810],{},[275,704,283,709,283,712,283,715,283,718],{"viewBox":705,"role":278,"ariaLabelledBy":706,"xmlns":282},"0 0 760 248",[707,708],"ttfb-region-title","ttfb-region-desc",[285,710,711],{"id":707},"Mobile TTFB at the 75th percentile by region before and after",[289,713,714],{"id":708},"Paired bars by region. Europe went from 310 to 140 milliseconds. North America went from 590 to 180 milliseconds. Asia-Pacific went from 1,080 to 240 milliseconds. The largest gains were furthest from the Frankfurt origin.",[293,716],{"x":155,"y":155,"width":295,"height":717,"fill":297},"248",[299,719,302,720,302,727,302,731,302,737,302,741,302,745,302,749,302,753,302,757,302,760,302,763,302,766,302,769,302,773,302,779,302,784,302,788,302,793,302,798,302,802,302,806,283],{"style":301},[293,721],{"x":722,"y":723,"width":724,"height":725,"rx":726,"fill":310,"opacity":311,"stroke":312,"style":313},"306.8","50.0","14.0","12.0","2",[293,728],{"x":729,"y":723,"width":724,"height":725,"rx":726,"fill":481,"opacity":730,"stroke":482,"style":313},"398.4","0.4",[293,732],{"x":733,"y":734,"width":735,"height":736,"rx":309,"fill":310,"opacity":311,"stroke":312,"style":313},"230.0","82.0","125.8","16.0",[293,738],{"x":733,"y":739,"width":740,"height":736,"rx":309,"fill":481,"opacity":730,"stroke":482,"style":313},"102.0","56.8",[293,742],{"x":733,"y":743,"width":744,"height":736,"rx":309,"fill":310,"opacity":311,"stroke":312,"style":313},"134.0","239.4",[293,746],{"x":733,"y":747,"width":748,"height":736,"rx":309,"fill":481,"opacity":730,"stroke":482,"style":313},"154.0","73.0",[293,750],{"x":733,"y":751,"width":752,"height":736,"rx":309,"fill":310,"opacity":311,"stroke":312,"style":313},"186.0","438.2",[293,754],{"x":733,"y":755,"width":756,"height":736,"rx":309,"fill":481,"opacity":730,"stroke":482,"style":313},"206.0","97.4",[331,758],{"d":759,"fill":334,"stroke":335,"style":336},"M230.0 78.0 L230.0 228.0",[338,761,762],{"x":340,"y":341,"fill":342,"style":343},"TTFB p75 by region",[338,764,632],{"x":765,"y":470,"fill":335,"style":348},"326.8",[338,767,635],{"x":768,"y":470,"fill":335,"style":348},"418.4",[338,770,772],{"x":308,"y":771,"fill":342,"style":348},"105.2","Europe",[338,774,778],{"x":775,"y":776,"fill":354,"style":777},"362.8","94.5","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:start;font-weight:700","310 ms",[338,780,783],{"x":781,"y":782,"fill":538,"style":777},"293.8","114.5","140 ms",[338,785,787],{"x":308,"y":786,"fill":342,"style":348},"157.2","North America",[338,789,792],{"x":790,"y":791,"fill":354,"style":777},"476.4","146.5","590 ms",[338,794,797],{"x":795,"y":796,"fill":538,"style":777},"310.0","166.5","180 ms",[338,799,801],{"x":308,"y":800,"fill":342,"style":348},"209.2","Asia-Pacific",[338,803,655],{"x":804,"y":805,"fill":354,"style":777},"675.2","198.5",[338,807,519],{"x":808,"y":809,"fill":538,"style":777},"334.4","218.5",[379,811,812],{},"web-vitals RUM, two weeks per period, mobile navigations only.",[27,814,816],{"id":815},"pitfalls-rollback","Pitfalls & Rollback",[32,818,819,825,841,847,853],{},[35,820,821,824],{},[579,822,823],{},"Optimizing the origin for a cached site."," When HTML is served from the edge, origin speed matters only for misses; fix the hit ratio first.",[35,826,827,840],{},[579,828,829,832,833,836,837,443],{},[39,830,831],{},"no-cache"," or ",[39,834,835],{},"max-age=0"," without ",[39,838,839],{},"s-maxage"," Forces an origin round trip on every HTML request at many CDNs.",[35,842,843,846],{},[579,844,845],{},"Redirect chains in your own links."," Internal links and marketing emails are the easiest hops to remove.",[35,848,849,852],{},[579,850,851],{},"Measuring TTFB only in the lab."," Lab tests from one region hide the cost for distant readers; use field data by region.",[35,854,855,858],{},[579,856,857],{},"Rollback:"," cache headers, redirect rules and protocol settings are configuration; each can be reverted independently, and a purge restores fresh HTML immediately.",[27,860,862],{"id":861},"conclusion","Conclusion",[14,864,865],{},"A static site's TTFB is decided by the network, not the server: whether HTML is cached at the edge, how many redirects precede it, how long connection setup takes and how far the origin is from readers. Measure TTFB's parts in the field, cache HTML at the edge with short shared lifetimes and stale-while-revalidate, flatten and move redirects to the edge, enable HTTP\u002F3, and let Early Hints use the time that remains. On this site that took mobile TTFB from 640 ms to 190 ms and LCP from 2.1 s to 1.6 s.",[27,867,869],{"id":868},"faq","FAQ",[871,872,874],"h3",{"id":873},"what-is-a-good-ttfb-for-a-static-site","What is a good TTFB for a static site?",[14,876,877],{},"Google's guidance treats 800 milliseconds at the 75th percentile as a rough threshold for good. A static site served from a CDN edge cache should do much better, typically 100 to 250 milliseconds at p75 on mobile, because no page is generated per request.",[871,879,881],{"id":880},"why-would-static-html-have-a-slow-ttfb","Why would static HTML have a slow TTFB?",[14,883,884],{},"The usual causes are HTML not being cached at the edge so every request goes to a distant origin, redirect chains before the final URL, slow connection setup from TLS or DNS, and origins such as object storage in a single region. Page generation is rarely the problem on a static site.",[871,886,888],{"id":887},"do-redirects-count-toward-ttfb","Do redirects count toward TTFB?",[14,890,891],{},"Yes. In the Navigation Timing API and in CrUX, TTFB is measured from the start of navigation, so every redirect hop before the final response adds its full round trip. A shortened link that redirects twice can double TTFB.",[871,893,895],{"id":894},"how-does-ttfb-relate-to-lcp","How does TTFB relate to LCP?",[14,897,898],{},"LCP cannot happen before the HTML arrives, so TTFB is the first part of every LCP. On static sites with well-optimized images, TTFB is often the largest remaining part of LCP, especially for readers far from the origin.",[27,900,902],{"id":901},"related","Related",[32,904,905,914,921,928,935],{},[35,906,907,910,911,913],{},[579,908,909],{},"Parent:"," ",[21,912,24],{"href":23}," — all parts of LCP.",[35,915,916,920],{},[21,917,919],{"href":918},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Fmeasuring-lcp-subparts-with-devtools\u002F","Measuring LCP Subparts with DevTools"," — where TTFB fits in LCP.",[35,922,923,927],{},[21,924,926],{"href":925},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcache-keys-and-query-strings-on-cdns\u002F","Cache Keys and Query Strings on CDNs"," — raising the HTML hit ratio.",[35,929,930,934],{},[21,931,933],{"href":932},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fprecompressing-assets-with-brotli-and-zstd\u002F","Precompressing Assets with Brotli and Zstd"," — smaller HTML once the first byte arrives.",[35,936,937,941],{},[21,938,940],{"href":939},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fmonitoring-static-sites-in-production\u002Fuptime-and-synthetic-checks-for-static-sites\u002F","Uptime and Synthetic Checks for Static Sites"," — watching TTFB by region.",[943,944,945],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .szBVR, html code.shiki .szBVR{--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sVt8B, html code.shiki .sVt8B{--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sZZnC, html code.shiki .sZZnC{--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sScJk, html code.shiki .sScJk{--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki 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Sites",{"path":1402,"title":926},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcache-keys-and-query-strings-on-cdns",{"path":1404,"title":442},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcaching-404s-and-redirects-at-the-edge",{"path":1406,"title":1407},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcloudflare-vs-cloudfront-cache-hit-ratios-for-static-sites","Cloudflare vs CloudFront Cache Hit Ratios for Static Sites",{"path":1409,"title":1410},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Ffixing-stale-html-after-deploys-on-cloudflare","Fixing Stale HTML After Deploys on Cloudflare",{"path":1412,"title":1413},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs","CDN Caching Rules for 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SSGs",{"path":1424,"title":413},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fstale-while-revalidate-for-static-html",{"path":1426,"title":418},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Ftiered-caching-and-origin-shield",{"path":1428,"title":1429},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fcode-splitting-and-module-preload-in-vite-based-ssgs","Code Splitting and Module Preload in Vite-Based SSGs",{"path":1431,"title":1432},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ffixing-missing-tailwind-classes-in-production-builds","Fixing Missing Tailwind Classes in Production Builds",{"path":1434,"title":1435},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ffixing-unused-javascript-warnings-on-static-pages","Fixing Unused JavaScript Warnings on Static Pages",{"path":1437,"title":1438},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization","CSS and JavaScript Asset Optimization",{"path":1440,"title":1441},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Finlining-critical-css-on-static-sites","Inlining Critical CSS on Static Sites",{"path":1443,"title":1444},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fkeeping-tailwind-css-output-small-on-static-sites","Keeping Tailwind CSS Output Small on Static Sites",{"path":1446,"title":1447},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fminifying-html-css-and-js-in-eleventy","Minifying HTML, CSS and JS in Eleventy",{"path":1449,"title":933},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fprecompressing-assets-with-brotli-and-zstd",{"path":1451,"title":1452},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fpurging-unused-css-with-tailwind-and-lightningcss","Purging Unused CSS with Tailwind and Lightning CSS",{"path":1454,"title":1455},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fsvg-icon-sprites-vs-inline-icons","SVG Icon Sprites vs Inline Icons",{"path":1457,"title":1458},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ftailwind-v4-in-astro-without-postcss-plugins","Tailwind v4 in Astro Without PostCSS 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Links",{"path":1484,"title":1485},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites","Cumulative Layout Shift Fixes for Static Sites",{"path":1487,"title":1488},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Fmeasuring-cls-in-the-field-with-web-vitals-js","Measuring CLS in the Field With web-vitals.js",{"path":1490,"title":1491},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Freserving-space-for-ad-and-promo-slots","Reserving Space for Ad and Promo Slots",{"path":1493,"title":1494},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcumulative-layout-shift-fixes-for-static-sites\u002Freserving-space-for-images-and-embeds-to-stop-layout-shift","Reserving Space for Images and Embeds",{"path":1496,"title":1497},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fauditing-font-payload-per-page","Auditing Font Payload per Page",{"path":1499,"title":1500},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-invisible-text-while-web-fonts-load","Fixing Invisible Text While Web Fonts Load",{"path":1502,"title":1503},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Ffont-display-optional-vs-swap","font-display: optional vs swap",{"path":1505,"title":1506},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites","Font Loading Strategies for Static Sites",{"path":1508,"title":1509},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fmetric-matched-fallback-fonts-with-size-adjust","Metric-Matched Fallback Fonts with size-adjust",{"path":1511,"title":1512},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fpreloading-fonts-without-double-downloads","Preloading Fonts Without Double Downloads",{"path":1514,"title":1515},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fself-hosted-fonts-vs-google-fonts-for-static-sites","Self-Hosted Fonts vs Google Fonts for Static Sites",{"path":1517,"title":1518},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fself-hosting-google-fonts-to-eliminate-layout-shift","Self-Host Google Fonts to Eliminate Layout Shift",{"path":1520,"title":1521},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fsubsetting-variable-fonts-for-faster-first-render","Subsetting Variable Fonts for Faster First Render",{"path":1523,"title":1524},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fusing-system-font-stacks-to-skip-webfonts","Using System Font Stacks to Skip Web Fonts",{"path":1526,"title":1527},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fvariable-fonts-vs-static-weights","Variable Fonts vs Static Weights",{"path":1529,"title":1530},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fart-direction-with-the-picture-element","Art Direction with the Picture Element",{"path":1532,"title":1533},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fblur-up-placeholders-with-lqip","Blur-Up Placeholders with LQIP",{"path":1535,"title":1536},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fbuilding-an-image-cdn-pipeline-for-static-sites","Building an Image CDN Pipeline for Static Sites",{"path":1538,"title":1539},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fcaching-processed-images-between-builds","Caching Processed Images Between Builds",{"path":1541,"title":1542},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Ffixing-blurry-images-from-astro-assets-resizing","Fixing Blurry Images From astro:assets 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Plugins",{"path":1556,"title":1557},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fresponsive-images-with-srcset-in-eleventy","Responsive Images with srcset in Eleventy",{"path":1559,"title":1560},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fserving-astro-images-through-cloudflare-image-resizing","Serving Astro Images Through Cloudflare Image Resizing",{"path":1562,"title":1563},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fserving-avif-with-fallbacks-on-static-sites","Serving AVIF With Fallbacks on Static Sites",{"path":1565,"title":969},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs",{"path":1567,"title":1568},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fastro-islands-vs-full-hydration-performance","Astro Islands vs Full Hydration 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Widgets",{"path":1582,"title":1583},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fhow-to-reduce-bundle-size-in-eleventy-builds","How to Reduce Bundle Size in Eleventy Builds",{"path":1585,"title":1586},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering","JavaScript Hydration & Partial Rendering",{"path":1588,"title":1589},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fmeasuring-inp-on-static-sites-with-real-user-monitoring","Measuring INP on Static Sites with RUM",{"path":1591,"title":1592},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fpreact-vs-react-islands-bundle-size","Preact vs React Islands Bundle Size",{"path":1594,"title":1595},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Freplacing-react-islands-with-web-components","Replacing React Islands with Web Components",{"path":1597,"title":1598},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fserver-islands-in-astro","Server Islands in Astro",{"path":1600,"title":1601},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Feliminating-render-blocking-css-on-static-sites","Eliminating Render-Blocking CSS on Static Sites",{"path":1603,"title":1604},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-lcp-on-text-heavy-documentation-pages","Fixing LCP on Text-Heavy Documentation Pages",{"path":1606,"title":1607},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-lcp-regressions-caused-by-cookie-consent-tools","Fixing LCP Regressions Caused by Cookie Consent Tools",{"path":1609,"title":1610},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-lcp-when-the-hero-is-a-background-image","Fixing LCP When the Hero Is a Background Image",{"path":1612,"title":1613},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-slow-lcp-on-pages-with-embedded-video","Fixing Slow LCP on Pages With Embedded Video",{"path":984,"title":5},{"path":1616,"title":24},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites",{"path":1618,"title":919},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Fmeasuring-lcp-subparts-with-devtools",{"path":1620,"title":1621},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Foptimizing-lcp-on-astro-with-priority-hints","Optimizing LCP on Astro with Priority Hints",{"path":1623,"title":1624},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Freducing-lcp-from-hero-images-on-static-sites","Reducing LCP from Hero Images on Static Sites",{"path":1626,"title":1627},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fperformance-budgets-and-lighthouse-ci\u002Fcomparing-lab-and-field-data-with-crux","Comparing Lab and Field Data with CrUX",{"path":1629,"title":1630},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fperformance-budgets-and-lighthouse-ci","Performance Budgets and Lighthouse CI",{"path":1632,"title":1633},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fperformance-budgets-and-lighthouse-ci\u002Flighthouse-ci-vs-webpagetest-for-regression-gates","Lighthouse CI vs WebPageTest for Regression Gates",{"path":1635,"title":1636},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fperformance-budgets-and-lighthouse-ci\u002Fmeasuring-web-vitals-in-playwright-tests","Measuring Web Vitals in Playwright 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