[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2087},["ShallowReactive",2],{"page:\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Fsubdirectories-vs-subdomains-for-translated-static-sites":3,"all-docs-nav":942,"filed:\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Fsubdirectories-vs-subdomains-for-translated-static-sites":2081},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"breadcrumb":917,"dateModified":927,"datePublished":927,"description":928,"extension":929,"faq":930,"meta":935,"navigation":936,"path":937,"seo":938,"slug":12,"stem":939,"type":940,"__hash__":941},"content\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Fsubdirectories-vs-subdomains-for-translated-static-sites\u002Findex.md","Subdirectories vs Subdomains for Translated Static Sites",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":893},"minimark",[9,13,30,39,44,196,200,214,227,232,297,301,304,406,413,417,420,482,485,489,492,504,628,632,726,730,743,747,750,754,757,761,780,784,810,814,817,821,826,829,833,836,840,843,847,850,854],[10,11,5],"h1",{"id":12},"subdirectories-vs-subdomains-for-translated-static-sites",[14,15,16,17,21,22,25,26,29],"p",{},"The first decision in translating a site is where the translations live: ",[18,19,20],"code",{},"example.com\u002Fde\u002F",", ",[18,23,24],{},"de.example.com",", or ",[18,27,28],{},"example.de",". It is hard to change later — every URL, redirect, canonical tag, hreflang set and analytics report depends on it — and the trade-offs are different for static sites than for dynamic ones. A static site's build, deploy and caching model makes one structure much cheaper to run than the others, while search, team and legal factors can still push the other way.",[14,31,32,33,38],{},"This comparison uses one company's product site in four languages, which ran German and French on subdomains and Spanish and English in subdirectories for two years before consolidating, so both structures were measured on the same content, generator (Astro 5), host (Cloudflare) and team. It belongs to ",[34,35,37],"a",{"href":36},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002F","Internationalization for Static Sites",".",[40,41,43],"h2",{"id":42},"the-three-options","The Three Options",[45,46,47,192],"figure",{},[48,49,56,57,56,61,56,65,56,72],"svg",{"viewBox":50,"role":51,"ariaLabelledBy":52,"xmlns":55},"0 0 760 223","img",[53,54],"subd-opts-title","subd-opts-desc","http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg","\n  ",[58,59,60],"title",{"id":53},"Subdirectories, subdomains and country domains compared at a glance",[62,63,64],"desc",{"id":54},"Three panels. Subdirectories, example.com slash de, are one build, one deploy and one certificate, sharing the domain's reputation. Subdomains, de.example.com, are one or several builds routed per host, a wildcard certificate, and separate search properties. Country domains, example.de, need a domain, certificate, analytics and search property per country.",[66,67],"rect",{"x":68,"y":68,"width":69,"height":70,"fill":71},"0","760","223","#ffffff",[73,74,76,77,76,88,76,94,76,97,76,100,76,105,76,108,76,110,76,112,76,118,76,121,76,123,76,125,76,133,76,140,76,145,76,149,76,153,76,158,76,163,76,166,76,169,76,172,76,175,76,180,76,183,76,186,76,189,56],"g",{"style":75},"font-family:system-ui, sans-serif;font-size:12px","\n    ",[66,78],{"x":79,"y":80,"width":81,"height":82,"rx":83,"fill":84,"opacity":85,"stroke":86,"style":87},"20.0","58.0","226.7","149.0","10","#8ac926","0.2","#5a8a16","stroke-width:1.5px",[89,90],"circle",{"cx":91,"cy":92,"r":93,"fill":84,"stroke":86,"style":87},"40.0","103.0","2.5",[89,95],{"cx":91,"cy":96,"r":93,"fill":84,"stroke":86,"style":87},"125.0",[89,98],{"cx":91,"cy":99,"r":93,"fill":84,"stroke":86,"style":87},"146.9",[66,101],{"x":102,"y":80,"width":81,"height":82,"rx":83,"fill":103,"opacity":104,"stroke":103,"style":87},"266.7","#1982c4","0.14",[89,106],{"cx":107,"cy":92,"r":93,"fill":103,"stroke":103,"style":87},"286.7",[89,109],{"cx":107,"cy":96,"r":93,"fill":103,"stroke":103,"style":87},[89,111],{"cx":107,"cy":99,"r":93,"fill":103,"stroke":103,"style":87},[66,113],{"x":114,"y":80,"width":81,"height":82,"rx":83,"fill":115,"opacity":116,"stroke":117,"style":87},"513.3","#ffca3a","0.24","#a97b00",[89,119],{"cx":120,"cy":92,"r":93,"fill":115,"stroke":117,"style":87},"533.3",[89,122],{"cx":120,"cy":96,"r":93,"fill":115,"stroke":117,"style":87},[89,124],{"cx":120,"cy":99,"r":93,"fill":115,"stroke":117,"style":87},[126,127,132],"text",{"x":128,"y":129,"fill":130,"style":131},"380.0","30.0","#1f2937","font-size:16px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","Three ways to place translations",[126,134,139],{"x":135,"y":136,"fill":137,"style":138},"34.0","83.5","#3f6410","font-size:13.5px;text-anchor:start;font-weight:700","Subdirectories",[126,141,20],{"x":142,"y":143,"fill":130,"style":144},"50.0","107.0","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:start",[126,146,148],{"x":142,"y":147,"fill":130,"style":144},"129.0","one build, one deploy",[126,150,152],{"x":142,"y":151,"fill":130,"style":144},"150.9","shared domain reputation",[126,154,157],{"x":135,"y":155,"fill":130,"style":156},"193.0","font-size:12px;text-anchor:start;font-weight:700","lowest operating cost",[126,159,162],{"x":160,"y":136,"fill":161,"style":138},"280.7","#166a9e","Subdomains",[126,164,24],{"x":165,"y":143,"fill":130,"style":144},"296.7",[126,167,168],{"x":165,"y":147,"fill":130,"style":144},"routing per host",[126,170,171],{"x":165,"y":151,"fill":130,"style":144},"separate search property",[126,173,174],{"x":160,"y":155,"fill":130,"style":156},"moderate cost",[126,176,179],{"x":177,"y":136,"fill":178,"style":138},"527.3","#8a6d0f","Country domains",[126,181,28],{"x":182,"y":143,"fill":130,"style":144},"543.3",[126,184,185],{"x":182,"y":147,"fill":130,"style":144},"domain + cert per country",[126,187,188],{"x":182,"y":151,"fill":130,"style":144},"hreflang across domains",[126,190,191],{"x":177,"y":155,"fill":130,"style":156},"highest cost",[193,194,195],"figcaption",{},"The operational cost rises from left to right; the independence between languages rises with it.",[40,197,199],{"id":198},"build-and-deploy","Build and Deploy",[14,201,202,205,206,209,210,213],{},[203,204,139],"strong",{}," are the natural output of every generator's i18n support: Astro's ",[18,207,208],{},"i18n"," routing, Hugo's ",[18,211,212],{},"defaultContentLanguageInSubdir",", Eleventy's folder-per-language layout. One build produces every language; one atomic deploy publishes them together, so a navigation change reaches all languages at once.",[14,215,216,218,219,222,223,226],{},[203,217,162],{}," were run as two builds on the measured site: the main build (English, Spanish) and a separate project for German and French that shared components through a package. Changes to shared components needed two releases and two deploys, and for two years the German site lagged the English one by a release about a third of the time. An alternative is one build routed per host — ",[18,220,221],{},"de.example.com\u002F*"," rewritten to ",[18,224,225],{},"\u002Fde\u002F*"," at the edge — which keeps a single build but needs rewrite rules and per-host absolute URLs in canonicals and hreflang.",[14,228,229,231],{},[203,230,179],{}," add the same routing per domain, plus a certificate and DNS zone each.",[233,234,235,250],"table",{},[236,237,238],"thead",{},[239,240,241,245,247],"tr",{},[242,243,244],"th",{},"Measure",[242,246,139],{},[242,248,249],{},"Subdomains (as run)",[251,252,253,265,276,286],"tbody",{},[239,254,255,259,262],{},[256,257,258],"td",{},"Builds per release",[256,260,261],{},"1",[256,263,264],{},"2",[239,266,267,270,273],{},[256,268,269],{},"CI minutes per release",[256,271,272],{},"4.2",[256,274,275],{},"7.9",[239,277,278,281,283],{},[256,279,280],{},"Releases where languages diverged",[256,282,68],{},[256,284,285],{},"31%",[239,287,288,291,294],{},[256,289,290],{},"Config for routing",[256,292,293],{},"none",[256,295,296],{},"2 projects, shared package",[40,298,300],{"id":299},"caching-and-performance","Caching and Performance",[14,302,303],{},"On one domain, the browser reuses its connection, TLS session and cached CSS, fonts and JavaScript when a reader switches language. On a subdomain, the reader's first page in the new language pays for a new connection and, unless assets are shared from a common origin, downloads the same assets again. Measured with WebPageTest on a mid-range phone, switching from English to German:",[45,305,306,403],{},[48,307,56,312,56,315,56,318,56,321],{"viewBox":308,"role":51,"ariaLabelledBy":309,"xmlns":55},"0 0 760 196",[310,311],"subd-switch-title","subd-switch-desc",[58,313,314],{"id":310},"Time to largest contentful paint after switching from English to German",[62,316,317],{"id":311},"Paired bars. On subdirectories the German page reached LCP in 0.9 seconds with 14 kilobytes transferred. On subdomains it reached LCP in 1.6 seconds with 96 kilobytes transferred, because of a new connection and uncached assets.",[66,319],{"x":68,"y":68,"width":69,"height":320,"fill":71},"196",[73,322,76,323,76,332,76,336,76,343,76,347,76,351,76,355,76,360,76,363,76,369,76,373,76,377,76,384,76,389,76,393,76,398,56],{"style":75},[66,324],{"x":325,"y":142,"width":326,"height":327,"rx":264,"fill":328,"opacity":329,"stroke":330,"style":331},"274.3","14.0","12.0","#ff595e","0.3","#d83b41","stroke-width:1px",[66,333],{"x":334,"y":142,"width":326,"height":327,"rx":264,"fill":84,"opacity":335,"stroke":86,"style":331},"403.0","0.4",[66,337],{"x":338,"y":339,"width":340,"height":341,"rx":342,"fill":328,"opacity":329,"stroke":330,"style":331},"230.0","82.0","258.8","16.0","3",[66,344],{"x":338,"y":345,"width":346,"height":341,"rx":342,"fill":84,"opacity":335,"stroke":86,"style":331},"102.0","460.2",[66,348],{"x":338,"y":349,"width":350,"height":341,"rx":342,"fill":328,"opacity":329,"stroke":330,"style":331},"134.0","40.3",[66,352],{"x":338,"y":353,"width":354,"height":341,"rx":342,"fill":84,"opacity":335,"stroke":86,"style":331},"154.0","276.1",[356,357],"path",{"d":358,"fill":293,"stroke":359,"style":87},"M230.0 78.0 L230.0 176.0","#556071",[126,361,362],{"x":128,"y":129,"fill":130,"style":131},"Switching language mid-visit",[126,364,368],{"x":365,"y":366,"fill":359,"style":367},"294.3","60.0","font-size:12px;text-anchor:start","Subdirectory",[126,370,372],{"x":371,"y":366,"fill":359,"style":367},"423.0","Subdomain",[126,374,376],{"x":79,"y":375,"fill":130,"style":367},"105.2","LCP after switch (ms)",[126,378,383],{"x":379,"y":380,"fill":381,"style":382},"495.8","94.5","#b32b30","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:start;font-weight:700","900",[126,385,388],{"x":386,"y":387,"fill":137,"style":382},"697.2","114.5","1600",[126,390,392],{"x":79,"y":391,"fill":130,"style":367},"157.2","Transferred",[126,394,397],{"x":395,"y":396,"fill":381,"style":382},"277.3","146.5","14 KB",[126,399,402],{"x":400,"y":401,"fill":137,"style":382},"513.1","166.5","96 KB",[193,404,405],{},"WebPageTest, Moto G Power, 4G, scripted navigation from the English home page to the German pricing page, median of nine runs.",[14,407,408,409,38],{},"Few readers switch language mid-visit, so this matters less than it looks, but the cache sharing also benefits CDN efficiency: one zone, one cache, one set of cache rules, as in ",[34,410,412],{"href":411},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002F","CDN Caching Rules for SSGs",[40,414,416],{"id":415},"search","Search",[14,418,419],{},"Search engines handle all three structures correctly when hreflang and canonicals are right. The practical difference is reputation: a subdirectory inherits the domain's history; a subdomain is treated as a related site that earns its own. When the measured site moved German and French from subdomains into subdirectories (with 301 redirects for every URL), Search Console showed:",[233,421,422,438],{},[236,423,424],{},[239,425,426,429,432,435],{},[242,427,428],{},"Measure, German pages",[242,430,431],{},"3 months before move",[242,433,434],{},"3 months after",[242,436,437],{},"Change",[251,439,440,454,468],{},[239,441,442,445,448,451],{},[256,443,444],{},"Organic clicks",[256,446,447],{},"41,200",[256,449,450],{},"50,700",[256,452,453],{},"+23%",[239,455,456,459,462,465],{},[256,457,458],{},"Average position, top 200 queries",[256,460,461],{},"9.4",[256,463,464],{},"7.8",[256,466,467],{},"better",[239,469,470,473,476,479],{},[256,471,472],{},"Indexed pages",[256,474,475],{},"1,640",[256,477,478],{},"1,690",[256,480,481],{},"+3%",[14,483,484],{},"French showed a smaller gain (+11%). Some of the change may come from seasonality and other work during the period, so treat the size as indicative; the direction matched what the team had seen on two other sites. Moving the other way — subdirectory to subdomain — is rarely worth the risk.",[40,486,488],{"id":487},"analytics-legal-and-teams","Analytics, Legal and Teams",[14,490,491],{},"Subdirectories give one analytics property with a language dimension, one Search Console property (or one per folder, if wanted), one privacy policy and cookie setup. Subdomains need cross-domain configuration in some analytics tools, and separate Search Console properties.",[14,493,494,495,499,500,503],{},"The argument ",[496,497,498],"em",{},"for"," subdomains or country domains is organisational. If the German site is run by a separate local team with its own release schedule, its own content system and its own legal entity, separate hosting can match how the business works. If local trust in a ",[18,501,502],{},".de"," domain measurably improves conversion — some retailers report it, few documentation sites would — country domains can pay for themselves.",[45,505,506,625],{},[48,507,56,512,56,515,56,518,56,521,56,610],{"viewBox":508,"role":51,"ariaLabelledBy":509,"xmlns":55},"0 0 760 246",[510,511],"subd-tree-title","subd-tree-desc",[58,513,514],{"id":510},"Decision tree for choosing where translations live",[62,516,517],{"id":511},"The root asks whether languages are run by separate teams or legal entities. If no, use subdirectories. If yes, and they share a codebase, use subdomains routed to one build. If they have separate codebases and target countries rather than languages, use country domains. Otherwise use subdomains with separate builds.",[66,519],{"x":68,"y":68,"width":69,"height":520,"fill":71},"246",[73,522,76,523,76,529,76,533,76,536,76,540,76,543,76,546,76,549,76,552,76,555,76,558,76,561,76,564,76,569,76,575,76,578,76,583,76,587,76,589,76,592,76,596,76,598,76,601,76,605,76,607,56],{"style":75},[66,524],{"x":525,"y":366,"width":526,"height":142,"rx":527,"fill":528,"opacity":104,"stroke":528,"style":87},"179.8","400.5","8","#6a4c93",[356,530],{"d":531,"fill":293,"stroke":359,"style":532},"M380.0 111.0 L380.0 132.0","stroke-width:2px",[356,534],{"d":535,"fill":293,"stroke":359,"style":532},"M103.2 132.0 L656.8 132.0",[356,537],{"d":538,"fill":293,"stroke":359,"style":539},"M103.2 132.0 L103.2 150.0","stroke-width:2px;marker-end:url(#subd-tree-arrow)",[66,541],{"x":79,"y":353,"width":401,"height":542,"rx":527,"fill":84,"opacity":85,"stroke":86,"style":87},"75.5",[356,544],{"d":545,"fill":293,"stroke":359,"style":539},"M287.8 132.0 L287.8 150.0",[66,547],{"x":548,"y":353,"width":401,"height":542,"rx":527,"fill":103,"opacity":104,"stroke":103,"style":87},"204.5",[356,550],{"d":551,"fill":293,"stroke":359,"style":539},"M472.2 132.0 L472.2 150.0",[66,553],{"x":554,"y":353,"width":401,"height":542,"rx":527,"fill":115,"opacity":116,"stroke":117,"style":87},"389.0",[356,556],{"d":557,"fill":293,"stroke":359,"style":539},"M656.8 132.0 L656.8 150.0",[66,559],{"x":560,"y":353,"width":401,"height":542,"rx":527,"fill":528,"opacity":104,"stroke":528,"style":87},"573.5",[126,562,563],{"x":128,"y":129,"fill":130,"style":131},"Choosing a structure",[126,565,568],{"x":128,"y":566,"fill":130,"style":567},"90.2","font-size:13px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","Are languages run by separate teams or entities?",[126,570,574],{"x":571,"y":572,"fill":137,"style":573},"103.2","170.0","font-size:11px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","No",[126,576,139],{"x":571,"y":577,"fill":130,"style":567},"190.3",[126,579,582],{"x":571,"y":580,"fill":359,"style":581},"207.2","font-size:11px;text-anchor:middle","\u002Fde\u002F, \u002Ffr\u002F in one build",[126,584,586],{"x":585,"y":572,"fill":161,"style":573},"287.8","Yes, shared code",[126,588,162],{"x":585,"y":577,"fill":130,"style":567},[126,590,591],{"x":585,"y":580,"fill":359,"style":581},"one build routed per host",[126,593,595],{"x":594,"y":572,"fill":178,"style":573},"472.2","Yes, separate code",[126,597,162],{"x":594,"y":577,"fill":130,"style":567},[126,599,600],{"x":594,"y":580,"fill":359,"style":581},"separate builds",[126,602,604],{"x":603,"y":572,"fill":528,"style":573},"656.8","Yes, per country",[126,606,179],{"x":603,"y":577,"fill":130,"style":567},[126,608,609],{"x":603,"y":580,"fill":359,"style":581},"per-country entities",[611,612,76,613,56],"defs",{},[614,615,621,622,76],"marker",{"id":616,"viewBox":617,"refX":527,"refY":618,"markerWidth":619,"markerHeight":619,"orient":620},"subd-tree-arrow","0 0 10 10","5","7","auto-start-reverse","\n      ",[356,623],{"d":624,"fill":359},"M0 0 L10 5 L0 10 z",[193,626,627],{},"Most translated static sites end on the leftmost branch.",[40,629,631],{"id":630},"cost-summary","Cost Summary",[233,633,634,648],{},[236,635,636],{},[239,637,638,641,643,645],{},[242,639,640],{},"Item",[242,642,139],{},[242,644,162],{},[242,646,647],{},"Country domains (4)",[251,649,650,662,674,687,698,712],{},[239,651,652,655,657,659],{},[256,653,654],{},"Domains",[256,656,261],{},[256,658,261],{},[256,660,661],{},"4",[239,663,664,667,669,672],{},[256,665,666],{},"Certificates",[256,668,261],{},[256,670,671],{},"1 wildcard",[256,673,661],{},[239,675,676,679,681,684],{},[256,677,678],{},"Builds",[256,680,261],{},[256,682,683],{},"1–2",[256,685,686],{},"1–4",[239,688,689,692,694,696],{},[256,690,691],{},"Search Console properties",[256,693,261],{},[256,695,342],{},[256,697,661],{},[239,699,700,703,706,709],{},[256,701,702],{},"Hreflang complexity",[256,704,705],{},"same host",[256,707,708],{},"cross-host",[256,710,711],{},"cross-domain",[239,713,714,717,720,723],{},[256,715,716],{},"Engineering time per year (measured site)",[256,718,719],{},"~2 days",[256,721,722],{},"~9 days",[256,724,725],{},"— (not measured)",[40,727,729],{"id":728},"migrating-from-subdomains-to-subdirectories","Migrating From Subdomains to Subdirectories",[14,731,732,733,737,738,742],{},"The measured site's move took two weeks: generate a redirect map from every old subdomain URL to its new subdirectory URL (2,900 URLs), deploy the combined build with redirects at the edge, and update hreflang to the new URLs. Search Console's change of address tool does not cover subdomain-to-subdirectory moves, so the redirects and updated sitemaps carried the change on their own. ",[34,734,736],{"href":735},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fmigrating-between-static-site-generators\u002Fkeeping-redirects-working-after-an-ssg-migration\u002F","Keeping Redirects Working After an SSG Migration"," covers the redirect side; ",[34,739,741],{"href":740},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fmigrating-between-static-site-generators\u002Frecovering-search-traffic-lost-after-a-generator-migration\u002F","Recovering Search Traffic Lost After a Generator Migration"," covers what to watch afterwards.",[40,744,746],{"id":745},"what-readers-see","What Readers See",[14,748,749],{},"Two smaller differences affect readers directly. With subdirectories, the browser's per-site settings — cookie consent, saved theme, dismissed banners — carry over when a reader switches language, because the origin is the same; on subdomains, consent banners reappeared on the first page in the new language unless the consent tool was configured to share cookies across the parent domain, which this site's tool did not support until a paid upgrade. And bookmarks, shared links and browser history group naturally by domain, so a reader who mostly uses the German site sees one site in their history rather than two. Neither is decisive, but both pushed in the same direction as the measurements above.",[40,751,753],{"id":752},"hosting-limits-worth-checking","Hosting Limits Worth Checking",[14,755,756],{},"Some static hosts limit custom domains or redirect rules per project, which matters for subdomains and country domains far more than for subdirectories. Check the host's limits on custom domains, rewrite rules and certificates before committing to a multi-host structure, especially on free and entry-level plans.",[40,758,760],{"id":759},"verdict","Verdict",[762,763,764,770,775],"ul",{},[765,766,767,769],"li",{},[203,768,139],{}," for almost every translated static site: one build, one deploy, shared caching and reputation, lowest cost.",[765,771,772,774],{},[203,773,162],{}," when languages are run by separate teams with separate release cycles, ideally still from one build routed per host.",[765,776,777,779],{},[203,778,179],{}," only when the business is genuinely organised by country and local domains are proven to matter.",[40,781,783],{"id":782},"pitfalls","Pitfalls",[762,785,786,792,798,804],{},[765,787,788,791],{},[203,789,790],{},"Choosing subdomains for tidiness."," The operating cost is real and recurring.",[765,793,794,797],{},[203,795,796],{},"Per-host URLs in a single build."," Canonicals and hreflang must use each host's absolute URL.",[765,799,800,803],{},[203,801,802],{},"Moving structure without full redirects."," Every old URL needs a 301 to its new home.",[765,805,806,809],{},[203,807,808],{},"Separate builds drifting."," If you must run two builds, share components as a versioned package and release together.",[40,811,813],{"id":812},"conclusion","Conclusion",[14,815,816],{},"For a translated static site, subdirectories are the cheapest structure to build, deploy, cache and measure, and on the measured site they also performed better in search: German organic clicks rose 23% after moving off a subdomain. Subdomains and country domains are organisational choices first, worth their cost when teams or legal entities are truly separate.",[40,818,820],{"id":819},"faq","FAQ",[822,823,825],"h3",{"id":824},"which-url-structure-is-best-for-a-translated-static-site","Which URL structure is best for a translated static site?",[14,827,828],{},"For most sites, subdirectories such as example.com\u002Fde\u002F. They are one build, one deploy, one certificate and one analytics property, and they share the domain's existing search reputation. Subdomains and country domains make sense when languages are run by separate teams, need separate hosting or legal entities, or target countries rather than languages.",[822,830,832],{"id":831},"do-subdomains-hurt-seo-compared-with-subdirectories","Do subdomains hurt SEO compared with subdirectories?",[14,834,835],{},"Search engines treat a subdomain as a closely related but separate site, so a new language subdomain starts with less accumulated reputation than a subdirectory on an established domain. In the migration measured here, moving German from a subdomain to a subdirectory increased German organic clicks by 23 percent over three months. The effect varies by site and is not guaranteed.",[822,837,839],{"id":838},"can-one-static-build-serve-several-subdomains","Can one static build serve several subdomains?",[14,841,842],{},"Yes. Build all languages into one output with a folder per language, then route each subdomain to its folder at the CDN or host, for example with rewrite rules on Cloudflare or Netlify. This keeps one build while presenting subdomains, though it adds routing configuration and per-host canonical and hreflang URLs.",[822,844,846],{"id":845},"when-are-country-code-domains-worth-it","When are country-code domains worth it?",[14,848,849],{},"When the business operates as separate local entities, when local trust in a country domain measurably matters for conversion, or when legal requirements differ by country. They cost the most to run, with a domain, certificate, analytics and search console property per country, and every hreflang set spans several domains.",[40,851,853],{"id":852},"related","Related",[762,855,856,865,872,879,886],{},[765,857,858,861,862,864],{},[203,859,860],{},"Parent:"," ",[34,863,37],{"href":36}," — the full i18n picture.",[765,866,867,871],{},[34,868,870],{"href":869},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Flanguage-detection-and-redirects-at-the-edge\u002F","Language Detection and Redirects at the Edge"," — routing readers to their language.",[765,873,874,878],{},[34,875,877],{"href":876},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-hreflang-errors-reported-in-search-console\u002F","Fixing Hreflang Errors Reported in Search Console"," — tags that must match the structure.",[765,880,881,885],{},[34,882,884],{"href":883},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fssg-framework-selection-matrix\u002Fpicking-an-ssg-for-a-multi-language-documentation-site\u002F","Picking an SSG for a Multi-Language Docs Site"," — which generators support which structures.",[765,887,888,892],{},[34,889,891],{"href":890},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Fi18n-routing-in-astro\u002F","i18n Routing in Astro"," — subdirectory routing in Astro.",{"title":894,"searchDepth":895,"depth":895,"links":896},"",2,[897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,916],{"id":42,"depth":895,"text":43},{"id":198,"depth":895,"text":199},{"id":299,"depth":895,"text":300},{"id":415,"depth":895,"text":416},{"id":487,"depth":895,"text":488},{"id":630,"depth":895,"text":631},{"id":728,"depth":895,"text":729},{"id":745,"depth":895,"text":746},{"id":752,"depth":895,"text":753},{"id":759,"depth":895,"text":760},{"id":782,"depth":895,"text":783},{"id":812,"depth":895,"text":813},{"id":819,"depth":895,"text":820,"children":910},[911,913,914,915],{"id":824,"depth":912,"text":825},3,{"id":831,"depth":912,"text":832},{"id":838,"depth":912,"text":839},{"id":845,"depth":912,"text":846},{"id":852,"depth":895,"text":853},[918,921,924,925],{"name":919,"item":920},"Home","\u002F",{"name":922,"item":923},"Choosing the Right Static Site Generator for 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numbers.","md",[931,932,933,934],{"q":825,"a":828},{"q":832,"a":835},{"q":839,"a":842},{"q":846,"a":849},{},true,"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Fsubdirectories-vs-subdomains-for-translated-static-sites",{"title":5,"description":928},"choosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Fsubdirectories-vs-subdomains-for-translated-static-sites\u002Findex","article","EsiHnPSqIxZuQIztl6EgdWlwcxWpBP_EjVKrp4A2M2g",[943,946,949,952,955,958,961,964,967,970,973,976,979,982,985,988,991,994,997,1000,1003,1006,1009,1012,1015,1018,1021,1024,1027,1030,1033,1036,1039,1042,1045,1048,1051,1054,1057,1060,1063,1066,1069,1072,1075,1078,1081,1084,1087,1090,1093,1096,1099,1102,1104,1106,1109,1111,1113,1115,1118,1121,1124,1125,1128,1131,1134,1137,1140,1143,1146,1149,1152,1155,1158,1161,1164,1167,1169,1172,1175,1178,1181,1184,1187,1190,1193,1195,1198,1201,1204,1207,1210,1213,1216,1219,1222,1225,1228,1231,1234,1237,1240,1243,1246,1249,1252,1255,1258,1261,1264,1267,1270,1273,1276,1279,1282,1285,1288,1290,1293,1296,1299,1302,1305,1308,1311,1314,1317,1320,1323,1326,1329,1332,1335,1338,1341,1344,1347,1350,1353,1356,1358,1361,1364,1367,1370,1373,1376,1379,1382,1385,1388,1391,1394,1397,1400,1403,1406,1409,1412,1415,1418,1421,1424,1427,1430,1433,1436,1439,1442,1445,1448,1451,1454,1457,1460,1463,1466,1469,1472,1475,1478,1481,1484,1487,1490,1493,1496,1499,1502,1505,1508,1511,1514,1517,1520,1523,1526,1529,1532,1535,1538,1541,1544,1547,1550,1553,1556,1559,1562,1565,1568,1571,1574,1577,1580,1583,1586,1589,1592,1595,1598,1601,1604,1607,1610,1613,1616,1619,1622,1625,1628,1631,1634,1637,1640,1643,1646,1649,1652,1655,1658,1661,1664,1667,1670,1673,1676,1679,1682,1685,1688,1691,1694,1697,1700,1703,1706,1709,1712,1715,1718,1721,1724,1727,1730,1733,1736,1739,1742,1745,1748,1751,1754,1757,1760,1763,1766,1769,1772,1775,1778,1781,1784,1787,1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1805,1808,1811,1814,1817,1820,1823,1826,1829,1832,1835,1838,1841,1844,1847,1850,1853,1856,1859,1862,1865,1868,1871,1874,1877,1880,1883,1886,1889,1892,1895,1898,1901,1904,1907,1910,1913,1916,1919,1922,1925,1928,1931,1934,1937,1940,1943,1946,1949,1952,1955,1958,1961,1964,1967,1970,1973,1976,1979,1982,1985,1988,1991,1994,1997,2000,2003,2006,2009,2012,2015,2018,2021,2024,2027,2030,2033,2036,2039,2042,2045,2048,2051,2054,2057,2060,2063,2066,2069,2072,2075,2078],{"path":944,"title":945},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Faccessibility-for-static-sites\u002Faccessible-code-blocks-in-documentation-sites","Accessible 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Editors",{"path":1277,"title":1278},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fssg-framework-selection-matrix\u002Fchoosing-an-ssg-for-api-reference-documentation","Choosing an SSG for API Reference Documentation",{"path":1280,"title":1281},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fssg-framework-selection-matrix\u002Fevaluating-ssg-accessibility-defaults","Evaluating SSG Accessibility Defaults",{"path":1283,"title":1284},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fssg-framework-selection-matrix\u002Fgatsby-vs-astro-for-content-sites-in-2026","Gatsby vs Astro for Content Sites in 2026",{"path":1286,"title":1287},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fssg-framework-selection-matrix","SSG Framework Selection 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Generators",{"path":1300,"title":1301},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fssg-framework-selection-matrix\u002Fwhen-a-static-site-generator-is-the-wrong-choice","When a Static Site Generator Is the Wrong Choice",{"path":1303,"title":1304},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Fadding-json-ld-structured-data-at-build-time","Adding JSON-LD Structured Data at Build Time",{"path":1306,"title":1307},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Fcanonical-urls-and-duplicate-content-on-static-sites","Canonical URLs and Duplicate Content on Static Sites",{"path":1309,"title":1310},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-pages-crawled-but-not-indexed-on-static-sites","Fixing Pages Crawled but Not Indexed on Static Sites",{"path":1312,"title":1313},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-soft-404s-on-static-hosts","Fixing Soft 404s on Static Hosts",{"path":1315,"title":1316},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Fgenerating-breadcrumb-structured-data-in-astro","Generating Breadcrumb Structured Data in Astro",{"path":1318,"title":1319},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Fgenerating-sitemaps-for-large-static-sites","Generating Sitemaps for Large Static Sites",{"path":1321,"title":1322},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites","Technical SEO for Static Sites",{"path":1324,"title":1325},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Frobots-txt-and-noindex-for-preview-and-staging","robots.txt and noindex for Preview and Staging",{"path":1327,"title":1328},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Frss-and-atom-feeds-for-static-blogs","RSS and Atom Feeds for Static Blogs",{"path":1330,"title":1331},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Fseo-safe-pagination-and-tag-pages","SEO-Safe Pagination and Tag Pages",{"path":1333,"title":1334},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcache-busting-with-content-hashed-filenames","Cache Busting with Content-Hashed 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Widgets",{"path":1530,"title":1531},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fhow-to-reduce-bundle-size-in-eleventy-builds","How to Reduce Bundle Size in Eleventy Builds",{"path":1533,"title":1534},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering","JavaScript Hydration & Partial Rendering",{"path":1536,"title":1537},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fmeasuring-inp-on-static-sites-with-real-user-monitoring","Measuring INP on Static Sites with RUM",{"path":1539,"title":1540},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fpreact-vs-react-islands-bundle-size","Preact vs React Islands Bundle Size",{"path":1542,"title":1543},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Freplacing-react-islands-with-web-components","Replacing React Islands with Web Components",{"path":1545,"title":1546},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fserver-islands-in-astro","Server Islands in Astro",{"path":1548,"title":1549},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Feliminating-render-blocking-css-on-static-sites","Eliminating Render-Blocking CSS on Static Sites",{"path":1551,"title":1552},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-lcp-on-text-heavy-documentation-pages","Fixing LCP on Text-Heavy Documentation Pages",{"path":1554,"title":1555},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-lcp-regressions-caused-by-cookie-consent-tools","Fixing LCP Regressions Caused by Cookie Consent Tools",{"path":1557,"title":1558},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-lcp-when-the-hero-is-a-background-image","Fixing LCP When the Hero Is a Background Image",{"path":1560,"title":1561},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-slow-lcp-on-pages-with-embedded-video","Fixing Slow LCP on Pages With Embedded Video",{"path":1563,"title":1564},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Fimproving-ttfb-for-static-html","Improving TTFB for Static HTML",{"path":1566,"title":1567},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites","Largest Contentful Paint Optimization for Static Sites",{"path":1569,"title":1570},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Fmeasuring-lcp-subparts-with-devtools","Measuring LCP Subparts with DevTools",{"path":1572,"title":1573},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Foptimizing-lcp-on-astro-with-priority-hints","Optimizing LCP on Astro with Priority Hints",{"path":1575,"title":1576},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Freducing-lcp-from-hero-images-on-static-sites","Reducing LCP from Hero Images on Static Sites",{"path":1578,"title":1579},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fperformance-budgets-and-lighthouse-ci\u002Fcomparing-lab-and-field-data-with-crux","Comparing Lab and Field Data with CrUX",{"path":1581,"title":1582},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fperformance-budgets-and-lighthouse-ci","Performance Budgets and Lighthouse CI",{"path":1584,"title":1585},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fperformance-budgets-and-lighthouse-ci\u002Flighthouse-ci-vs-webpagetest-for-regression-gates","Lighthouse CI vs WebPageTest for Regression Gates",{"path":1587,"title":1588},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fperformance-budgets-and-lighthouse-ci\u002Fmeasuring-web-vitals-in-playwright-tests","Measuring Web Vitals in Playwright 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Builds",{"path":1614,"title":1615},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fresource-hints-and-navigation-speed\u002Fauditing-unused-preloads","Auditing Unused Preloads",{"path":1617,"title":1618},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fresource-hints-and-navigation-speed\u002Fearly-hints-103-on-cloudflare","Early Hints (103) on Cloudflare",{"path":1620,"title":1621},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fresource-hints-and-navigation-speed\u002Ffetchpriority-beyond-the-hero-image","Fetchpriority Beyond the Hero Image",{"path":1623,"title":1624},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fresource-hints-and-navigation-speed\u002Ffixing-wasted-preloads-flagged-by-chrome","Fixing Wasted Preloads Flagged by Chrome",{"path":1626,"title":1627},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fresource-hints-and-navigation-speed","Resource Hints and Navigation 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Vitals",{"path":1641,"title":1642},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fresource-hints-and-navigation-speed\u002Fview-transitions-on-multi-page-static-sites","View Transitions on Multi-Page Static Sites",{"path":1644,"title":1645},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fthird-party-script-performance-on-static-sites\u002Fauditing-third-party-scripts-with-lighthouse","Auditing Third-Party Scripts With Lighthouse",{"path":1647,"title":1648},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fthird-party-script-performance-on-static-sites\u002Ffacades-for-chat-widgets-and-maps","Facades for Chat Widgets and Maps",{"path":1650,"title":1651},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fthird-party-script-performance-on-static-sites\u002Ffixing-main-thread-blocking-from-chat-widgets","Fixing Main-Thread Blocking From Chat Widgets",{"path":1653,"title":1654},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fthird-party-script-performance-on-static-sites","Third-Party Script Performance on Static Sites",{"path":1656,"title":1657},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fthird-party-script-performance-on-static-sites\u002Flazy-loading-youtube-embeds-on-static-sites","Lazy-Loading YouTube Embeds on Static Sites",{"path":1659,"title":1660},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fthird-party-script-performance-on-static-sites\u002Floading-google-tag-manager-without-hurting-inp","Loading Google Tag Manager Without Hurting INP",{"path":1662,"title":1663},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fthird-party-script-performance-on-static-sites\u002Fmeasuring-third-party-cost-with-request-blocking","Measuring Third-Party Cost with Request 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Pages",{"path":1677,"title":1678},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fcloudflare-pages-edge-caching-setup\u002Fbranch-deploy-controls-on-cloudflare-pages","Branch Deploy Controls on Cloudflare Pages",{"path":1680,"title":1681},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fcloudflare-pages-edge-caching-setup\u002Fcloudflare-pages-functions-middleware","Cloudflare Pages Functions Middleware",{"path":1683,"title":1684},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fcloudflare-pages-edge-caching-setup\u002Fconfiguring-redirects-on-cloudflare-pages","Configuring Redirects on Cloudflare Pages",{"path":1686,"title":1687},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fcloudflare-pages-edge-caching-setup\u002Fcustom-domains-and-tls-on-cloudflare-pages","Custom Domains and TLS on Cloudflare 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