[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2552},["ShallowReactive",2],{"page:\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Fmultilingual-sites-with-hugo":3,"all-docs-nav":1403,"filed:\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Fmultilingual-sites-with-hugo":2543},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"breadcrumb":1379,"dateModified":1389,"datePublished":1389,"description":1390,"extension":1391,"faq":1392,"meta":1397,"navigation":107,"path":1398,"seo":1399,"slug":12,"stem":1400,"type":1401,"__hash__":1402},"content\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Fmultilingual-sites-with-hugo\u002Findex.md","Multilingual Sites with Hugo",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":1360},"minimark",[9,13,17,31,36,63,67,241,268,417,421,424,480,499,546,550,553,583,589,596,635,650,820,824,827,921,933,937,957,1055,1059,1062,1080,1098,1120,1124,1194,1198,1273,1277,1280,1284,1289,1292,1296,1299,1303,1306,1310,1313,1317,1356],[10,11,5],"h1",{"id":12},"multilingual-sites-with-hugo",[14,15,16],"p",{},"Hugo has the most complete multilingual model of any mainstream static site generator. Languages are declared in configuration, each renders as a full site of its own, pages are linked to their translations automatically, menus and taxonomies are per language, and interface strings come from translation tables with plural support. The result is that a multilingual Hugo site needs very little custom code — most of the work is choosing a content layout that suits the people doing the translating.",[14,18,19,20,25,26,30],{},"This guide sets up a documentation site in English, German, French and Japanese with per-language content directories, translation keys, translated menus and strings, and CI checks that keep the locales honest. It is part of ",[21,22,24],"a",{"href":23},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002F","Internationalization for Static Sites","; for the build-speed side of large Hugo sites see ",[21,27,29],{"href":28},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fhugo-build-times-for-large-repositories\u002F","Hugo Build Times for Large Repositories",".",[32,33,35],"h2",{"id":34},"prerequisites","Prerequisites",[37,38,39,43,50],"ul",{},[40,41,42],"li",{},"Hugo extended 0.123 or newer (the examples were measured on 0.134.3).",[40,44,45,46,30],{},"A single-language site whose content is in ",[47,48,49],"code",{},"content\u002F",[40,51,52,53,56,57,56,60,30],{},"A decision on URL structure — here English stays at the root and other languages use ",[47,54,55],{},"\u002Fde\u002F",", ",[47,58,59],{},"\u002Ffr\u002F",[47,61,62],{},"\u002Fja\u002F",[32,64,66],{"id":65},"step-1-declare-the-languages","Step 1: Declare the Languages",[68,69,74],"pre",{"className":70,"code":71,"language":72,"meta":73,"style":73},"language-toml shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","# hugo.toml\nbaseURL = \"https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.example.com\u002F\"\ndefaultContentLanguage = \"en\"\ndefaultContentLanguageInSubdir = false\n\n[languages]\n  [languages.en]\n    weight = 1\n    languageName = \"English\"\n    languageCode = \"en\"\n    contentDir = \"content\u002Fen\"\n  [languages.de]\n    weight = 2\n    languageName = \"Deutsch\"\n    languageCode = \"de\"\n    contentDir = \"content\u002Fde\"\n  [languages.fr]\n    weight = 3\n    languageName = \"Français\"\n    languageCode = \"fr\"\n    contentDir = \"content\u002Ffr\"\n  [languages.ja]\n    weight = 4\n    languageName = \"日本語\"\n    languageCode = \"ja\"\n    contentDir = \"content\u002Fja\"\n    hasCJKLanguage = true\n","toml","",[47,75,76,84,90,96,102,109,115,121,127,133,139,145,151,157,163,169,175,181,187,193,199,205,211,217,223,229,235],{"__ignoreMap":73},[77,78,81],"span",{"class":79,"line":80},"line",1,[77,82,83],{},"# hugo.toml\n",[77,85,87],{"class":79,"line":86},2,[77,88,89],{},"baseURL = \"https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.example.com\u002F\"\n",[77,91,93],{"class":79,"line":92},3,[77,94,95],{},"defaultContentLanguage = \"en\"\n",[77,97,99],{"class":79,"line":98},4,[77,100,101],{},"defaultContentLanguageInSubdir = false\n",[77,103,105],{"class":79,"line":104},5,[77,106,108],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":107},true,"\n",[77,110,112],{"class":79,"line":111},6,[77,113,114],{},"[languages]\n",[77,116,118],{"class":79,"line":117},7,[77,119,120],{},"  [languages.en]\n",[77,122,124],{"class":79,"line":123},8,[77,125,126],{},"    weight = 1\n",[77,128,130],{"class":79,"line":129},9,[77,131,132],{},"    languageName = \"English\"\n",[77,134,136],{"class":79,"line":135},10,[77,137,138],{},"    languageCode = \"en\"\n",[77,140,142],{"class":79,"line":141},11,[77,143,144],{},"    contentDir = \"content\u002Fen\"\n",[77,146,148],{"class":79,"line":147},12,[77,149,150],{},"  [languages.de]\n",[77,152,154],{"class":79,"line":153},13,[77,155,156],{},"    weight = 2\n",[77,158,160],{"class":79,"line":159},14,[77,161,162],{},"    languageName = \"Deutsch\"\n",[77,164,166],{"class":79,"line":165},15,[77,167,168],{},"    languageCode = \"de\"\n",[77,170,172],{"class":79,"line":171},16,[77,173,174],{},"    contentDir = \"content\u002Fde\"\n",[77,176,178],{"class":79,"line":177},17,[77,179,180],{},"  [languages.fr]\n",[77,182,184],{"class":79,"line":183},18,[77,185,186],{},"    weight = 3\n",[77,188,190],{"class":79,"line":189},19,[77,191,192],{},"    languageName = \"Français\"\n",[77,194,196],{"class":79,"line":195},20,[77,197,198],{},"    languageCode = \"fr\"\n",[77,200,202],{"class":79,"line":201},21,[77,203,204],{},"    contentDir = \"content\u002Ffr\"\n",[77,206,208],{"class":79,"line":207},22,[77,209,210],{},"  [languages.ja]\n",[77,212,214],{"class":79,"line":213},23,[77,215,216],{},"    weight = 4\n",[77,218,220],{"class":79,"line":219},24,[77,221,222],{},"    languageName = \"日本語\"\n",[77,224,226],{"class":79,"line":225},25,[77,227,228],{},"    languageCode = \"ja\"\n",[77,230,232],{"class":79,"line":231},26,[77,233,234],{},"    contentDir = \"content\u002Fja\"\n",[77,236,238],{"class":79,"line":237},27,[77,239,240],{},"    hasCJKLanguage = true\n",[14,242,243,244,247,248,251,252,255,256,259,260,263,264,267],{},"Move the existing ",[47,245,246],{},"content\u002F*"," into ",[47,249,250],{},"content\u002Fen\u002F",". With ",[47,253,254],{},"defaultContentLanguageInSubdir = false",", English URLs do not change. ",[47,257,258],{},"hasCJKLanguage = true"," makes ",[47,261,262],{},".WordCount"," and ",[47,265,266],{},".Summary"," count Japanese correctly, since there are no spaces to split on.",[269,270,271,413],"figure",{},[272,273,280,281,280,285,280,289,280,296,280,398],"svg",{"viewBox":274,"role":275,"ariaLabelledBy":276,"xmlns":279},"0 0 760 383","img",[277,278],"hugo-ml-title","hugo-ml-desc","http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg","\n  ",[282,283,284],"title",{"id":277},"How Hugo renders a multilingual site",[286,287,288],"desc",{"id":278},"A single configuration declares four languages. Hugo builds one site per language from its own content directory. English renders to the public root, German to public\u002Fde, French to public\u002Ffr and Japanese to public\u002Fja. Pages sharing a translationKey are linked across the passes.",[290,291],"rect",{"x":292,"y":292,"width":293,"height":294,"fill":295},"0","760","383","#ffffff",[297,298,300,301,300,311,300,318,300,322,300,325,300,328,300,331,300,337,300,345,300,351,300,356,300,362,300,366,300,370,300,374,300,378,300,382,300,386,300,390,300,394,280],"g",{"style":299},"font-family:system-ui, sans-serif;font-size:12px","\n    ",[290,302],{"x":303,"y":304,"width":305,"height":306,"rx":307,"fill":308,"opacity":309,"stroke":308,"style":310},"40.0","60.0","440.0","57.2","8","#6a4c93","0.14","stroke-width:1.5px",[312,313],"path",{"d":314,"fill":315,"stroke":316,"style":317},"M260.0 119.2 L260.0 139.2","none","#556071","stroke-width:2px;marker-end:url(#hugo-ml-arrow)",[290,319],{"x":303,"y":320,"width":305,"height":306,"rx":307,"fill":321,"opacity":309,"stroke":321,"style":310},"143.2","#1982c4",[312,323],{"d":324,"fill":315,"stroke":316,"style":317},"M260.0 202.4 L260.0 222.4",[290,326],{"x":303,"y":327,"width":305,"height":306,"rx":307,"fill":321,"opacity":309,"stroke":321,"style":310},"226.4",[312,329],{"d":330,"fill":315,"stroke":316,"style":317},"M260.0 285.6 L260.0 305.6",[290,332],{"x":303,"y":333,"width":305,"height":306,"rx":307,"fill":334,"opacity":335,"stroke":336,"style":310},"309.6","#8ac926","0.2","#5a8a16",[338,339,344],"text",{"x":340,"y":341,"fill":342,"style":343},"380.0","30.0","#1f2937","font-size:16px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","One Hugo build, four site passes",[338,346,350],{"x":347,"y":348,"fill":342,"style":349},"260.0","86.4","font-size:13px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","hugo.toml",[338,352,355],{"x":347,"y":353,"fill":316,"style":354},"103.3","font-size:11px;text-anchor:middle","four languages declared",[338,357,361],{"x":358,"y":359,"fill":316,"style":360},"504.0","92.6","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:start","one config file",[338,363,365],{"x":347,"y":364,"fill":342,"style":349},"169.5","content\u002Fen, content\u002Fde, content\u002Ffr, content\u002Fja",[338,367,369],{"x":347,"y":368,"fill":316,"style":354},"186.4","one directory per language",[338,371,373],{"x":358,"y":372,"fill":316,"style":360},"175.8","translators own their tree",[338,375,377],{"x":347,"y":376,"fill":342,"style":349},"252.7","Four site passes",[338,379,381],{"x":347,"y":380,"fill":316,"style":354},"269.6","menus, taxonomies, i18n tables per language",[338,383,385],{"x":358,"y":384,"fill":316,"style":360},"259.0","34.1 s total for 2,560 pages",[338,387,389],{"x":347,"y":388,"fill":342,"style":349},"335.9","public\u002F, public\u002Fde\u002F, public\u002Ffr\u002F, public\u002Fja\u002F",[338,391,393],{"x":347,"y":392,"fill":316,"style":354},"352.8","linked by translationKey",[338,395,397],{"x":358,"y":396,"fill":316,"style":360},"342.2","plus a sitemap index",[399,400,300,401,280],"defs",{},[402,403,409,410,300],"marker",{"id":404,"viewBox":405,"refX":307,"refY":406,"markerWidth":407,"markerHeight":407,"orient":408},"hugo-ml-arrow","0 0 10 10","5","7","auto-start-reverse","\n      ",[312,411],{"d":412,"fill":316},"M0 0 L10 5 L0 10 z",[414,415,416],"figcaption",{},"Each language is a complete site pass with its own menus, taxonomies and sitemap; translations are linked across passes by key.",[32,418,420],{"id":419},"step-2-link-translations-with-translationkey","Step 2: Link Translations With translationKey",[14,422,423],{},"Hugo links pages whose paths match relative to their content directory. That breaks as soon as translators localize file names, so set a key:",[68,425,429],{"className":426,"code":427,"language":428,"meta":73,"style":73},"language-yaml shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","# content\u002Fde\u002Fguide\u002Fanleitung-installation.md\n---\ntitle: Installation\ntranslationKey: install\nslug: installation\n---\n","yaml",[47,430,431,437,443,456,466,476],{"__ignoreMap":73},[77,432,433],{"class":79,"line":80},[77,434,436],{"class":435},"sJ8bj","# content\u002Fde\u002Fguide\u002Fanleitung-installation.md\n",[77,438,439],{"class":79,"line":86},[77,440,442],{"class":441},"sScJk","---\n",[77,444,445,448,452],{"class":79,"line":92},[77,446,282],{"class":447},"s9eBZ",[77,449,451],{"class":450},"sVt8B",": ",[77,453,455],{"class":454},"sZZnC","Installation\n",[77,457,458,461,463],{"class":79,"line":98},[77,459,460],{"class":447},"translationKey",[77,462,451],{"class":450},[77,464,465],{"class":454},"install\n",[77,467,468,471,473],{"class":79,"line":104},[77,469,470],{"class":447},"slug",[77,472,451],{"class":450},[77,474,475],{"class":454},"installation\n",[77,477,478],{"class":79,"line":111},[77,479,442],{"class":441},[14,481,482,483,486,487,490,491,493,494,498],{},"Templates then use ",[47,484,485],{},".Translations"," (other languages) or ",[47,488,489],{},".AllTranslations"," (including the current one). The hreflang partial built on ",[47,492,489],{}," is in ",[21,495,497],{"href":496},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Fhreflang-and-language-alternates-on-static-sites\u002F","hreflang and Language Alternates on Static Sites",". A language switcher is almost the same loop:",[68,500,504],{"className":501,"code":502,"language":503,"meta":73,"style":73},"language-go-html-template shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","\u003Cnav aria-label=\"{{ i18n \"languageNav\" }}\">\n  \u003Cul>\n  {{ range .AllTranslations }}\n    \u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"{{ .RelPermalink }}\" lang=\"{{ .Language.Lang }}\" hreflang=\"{{ .Language.Lang }}\"\n      {{ if eq .Language.Lang $.Language.Lang }}aria-current=\"true\"{{ end }}>{{ .Language.LanguageName }}\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fli>\n  {{ end }}\n  \u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003C\u002Fnav>\n","go-html-template",[47,505,506,511,516,521,526,531,536,541],{"__ignoreMap":73},[77,507,508],{"class":79,"line":80},[77,509,510],{},"\u003Cnav aria-label=\"{{ i18n \"languageNav\" }}\">\n",[77,512,513],{"class":79,"line":86},[77,514,515],{},"  \u003Cul>\n",[77,517,518],{"class":79,"line":92},[77,519,520],{},"  {{ range .AllTranslations }}\n",[77,522,523],{"class":79,"line":98},[77,524,525],{},"    \u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"{{ .RelPermalink }}\" lang=\"{{ .Language.Lang }}\" hreflang=\"{{ .Language.Lang }}\"\n",[77,527,528],{"class":79,"line":104},[77,529,530],{},"      {{ if eq .Language.Lang $.Language.Lang }}aria-current=\"true\"{{ end }}>{{ .Language.LanguageName }}\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fli>\n",[77,532,533],{"class":79,"line":111},[77,534,535],{},"  {{ end }}\n",[77,537,538],{"class":79,"line":117},[77,539,540],{},"  \u003C\u002Ful>\n",[77,542,543],{"class":79,"line":123},[77,544,545],{},"\u003C\u002Fnav>\n",[32,547,549],{"id":548},"step-3-menus-and-strings-per-language","Step 3: Menus and Strings Per Language",[14,551,552],{},"Menus can be defined per language in configuration or in each page's frontmatter. Configuration keeps the order consistent:",[68,554,556],{"className":70,"code":555,"language":72,"meta":73,"style":73},"[languages.de.menus]\n  [[languages.de.menus.main]]\n    name = \"Anleitungen\"\n    pageRef = \"\u002Fguide\"\n    weight = 10\n",[47,557,558,563,568,573,578],{"__ignoreMap":73},[77,559,560],{"class":79,"line":80},[77,561,562],{},"[languages.de.menus]\n",[77,564,565],{"class":79,"line":86},[77,566,567],{},"  [[languages.de.menus.main]]\n",[77,569,570],{"class":79,"line":92},[77,571,572],{},"    name = \"Anleitungen\"\n",[77,574,575],{"class":79,"line":98},[77,576,577],{},"    pageRef = \"\u002Fguide\"\n",[77,579,580],{"class":79,"line":104},[77,581,582],{},"    weight = 10\n",[14,584,585,588],{},[47,586,587],{},"pageRef"," resolves to the German section automatically, so links stay correct even if the German section has a localized slug.",[14,590,591,592,595],{},"Interface strings go in ",[47,593,594],{},"i18n\u002F\u003Clang>.toml",", with plural forms where needed:",[68,597,599],{"className":70,"code":598,"language":72,"meta":73,"style":73},"# i18n\u002Fde.toml\n[readingTime]\none = \"{{ .Count }} Minute Lesezeit\"\nother = \"{{ .Count }} Minuten Lesezeit\"\n\n[editThisPage]\nother = \"Diese Seite bearbeiten\"\n",[47,600,601,606,611,616,621,625,630],{"__ignoreMap":73},[77,602,603],{"class":79,"line":80},[77,604,605],{},"# i18n\u002Fde.toml\n",[77,607,608],{"class":79,"line":86},[77,609,610],{},"[readingTime]\n",[77,612,613],{"class":79,"line":92},[77,614,615],{},"one = \"{{ .Count }} Minute Lesezeit\"\n",[77,617,618],{"class":79,"line":98},[77,619,620],{},"other = \"{{ .Count }} Minuten Lesezeit\"\n",[77,622,623],{"class":79,"line":104},[77,624,108],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":107},[77,626,627],{"class":79,"line":111},[77,628,629],{},"[editThisPage]\n",[77,631,632],{"class":79,"line":117},[77,633,634],{},"other = \"Diese Seite bearbeiten\"\n",[14,636,637,638,641,642,645,646,649],{},"In templates, ",[47,639,640],{},"{{ i18n \"readingTime\" .ReadingTime }}"," selects the right plural. Dates use ",[47,643,644],{},"time.Format"," with the language's locale, so ",[47,647,648],{},"{{ .Date | time.Format \":date_long\" }}"," prints \"25. September 2026\" on German pages.",[269,651,652,817],{},[272,653,280,658,280,661,280,664,280,667],{"viewBox":654,"role":275,"ariaLabelledBy":655,"xmlns":279},"0 0 760 353",[656,657],"hugo-feat-title","hugo-feat-desc",[282,659,660],{"id":656},"Hugo multilingual features and what they cover",[286,662,663],{"id":657},"A matrix of features. Content directories per language, handled natively. Translation linking by translationKey, native. Menus per language, native. Interface strings with plurals, native through i18n tables. Localized dates, native through time.Format. Sitemap per language with an index, native. Browser language redirect, not handled and needs an edge function.",[290,665],{"x":292,"y":292,"width":293,"height":666,"fill":295},"353",[297,668,300,669,300,672,300,679,300,683,300,686,300,689,300,692,300,695,300,698,300,701,300,704,300,707,300,710,300,713,300,720,300,723,300,726,300,731,300,736,300,740,300,744,300,749,300,752,300,756,300,759,300,762,300,766,300,769,300,772,300,776,300,779,300,782,300,786,300,789,300,792,300,796,300,799,300,802,300,806,300,810,300,814,280],{"style":299},[312,670],{"d":671,"fill":315,"stroke":316,"style":310},"M20.0 86.0 L740.0 86.0",[290,673],{"x":674,"y":675,"width":676,"height":677,"rx":406,"fill":334,"opacity":335,"stroke":336,"style":678},"214.0","90.0","257.0","25.6","stroke-width:1px",[312,680],{"d":681,"fill":315,"stroke":682,"style":678},"M20.0 119.6 L740.0 119.6","#d9e2ef",[290,684],{"x":674,"y":685,"width":676,"height":677,"rx":406,"fill":334,"opacity":335,"stroke":336,"style":678},"123.6",[312,687],{"d":688,"fill":315,"stroke":682,"style":678},"M20.0 153.2 L740.0 153.2",[290,690],{"x":674,"y":691,"width":676,"height":677,"rx":406,"fill":334,"opacity":335,"stroke":336,"style":678},"157.2",[312,693],{"d":694,"fill":315,"stroke":682,"style":678},"M20.0 186.8 L740.0 186.8",[290,696],{"x":674,"y":697,"width":676,"height":677,"rx":406,"fill":334,"opacity":335,"stroke":336,"style":678},"190.8",[312,699],{"d":700,"fill":315,"stroke":682,"style":678},"M20.0 220.4 L740.0 220.4",[290,702],{"x":674,"y":703,"width":676,"height":677,"rx":406,"fill":334,"opacity":335,"stroke":336,"style":678},"224.4",[312,705],{"d":706,"fill":315,"stroke":682,"style":678},"M20.0 254.0 L740.0 254.0",[290,708],{"x":674,"y":709,"width":676,"height":677,"rx":406,"fill":334,"opacity":335,"stroke":336,"style":678},"258.0",[312,711],{"d":712,"fill":315,"stroke":682,"style":678},"M20.0 287.6 L740.0 287.6",[290,714],{"x":674,"y":715,"width":676,"height":716,"rx":406,"fill":717,"opacity":718,"stroke":719,"style":678},"291.6","41.2","#ff595e","0.12","#d83b41",[312,721],{"d":722,"fill":315,"stroke":682,"style":678},"M20.0 336.8 L740.0 336.8",[338,724,725],{"x":340,"y":341,"fill":342,"style":343},"What Hugo localizes for you",[338,727,730],{"x":341,"y":728,"fill":342,"style":729},"75.2","font-size:12px;text-anchor:start;font-weight:700","Concern",[338,732,735],{"x":733,"y":728,"fill":342,"style":734},"342.5","font-size:12px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","Hugo support",[338,737,739],{"x":738,"y":728,"fill":342,"style":734},"607.5","Where configured",[338,741,743],{"x":341,"y":742,"fill":342,"style":729},"106.4","Content per language",[338,745,748],{"x":733,"y":746,"fill":342,"style":747},"106.2","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:middle","Native",[338,750,751],{"x":738,"y":746,"fill":342,"style":747},"contentDir per language",[338,753,755],{"x":341,"y":754,"fill":342,"style":729},"140.0","Translation linking",[338,757,748],{"x":733,"y":758,"fill":342,"style":747},"139.8",[338,760,761],{"x":738,"y":758,"fill":342,"style":747},"translationKey front matter",[338,763,765],{"x":341,"y":764,"fill":342,"style":729},"173.6","Menus",[338,767,748],{"x":733,"y":768,"fill":342,"style":747},"173.4",[338,770,771],{"x":738,"y":768,"fill":342,"style":747},"languages.xx.menus",[338,773,775],{"x":341,"y":774,"fill":342,"style":729},"207.2","UI strings and plurals",[338,777,748],{"x":733,"y":778,"fill":342,"style":747},"207.0",[338,780,781],{"x":738,"y":778,"fill":342,"style":747},"i18n\u002Fxx.toml",[338,783,785],{"x":341,"y":784,"fill":342,"style":729},"240.8","Localized dates",[338,787,748],{"x":733,"y":788,"fill":342,"style":747},"240.6",[338,790,791],{"x":738,"y":788,"fill":342,"style":747},"time.Format :date_long",[338,793,795],{"x":341,"y":794,"fill":342,"style":729},"274.4","Sitemap per language",[338,797,748],{"x":733,"y":798,"fill":342,"style":747},"274.2",[338,800,801],{"x":738,"y":798,"fill":342,"style":747},"automatic sitemap index",[338,803,805],{"x":341,"y":804,"fill":342,"style":729},"308.0","Browser language",[338,807,809],{"x":341,"y":808,"fill":342,"style":729},"323.6","redirect",[338,811,813],{"x":733,"y":812,"fill":342,"style":747},"315.6","Not handled",[338,815,816],{"x":738,"y":812,"fill":342,"style":747},"edge function on the root URL",[414,818,819],{},"Everything except request-time language detection is built in; that one needs a few lines at the edge.",[32,821,823],{"id":822},"step-4-keep-locales-honest-in-ci","Step 4: Keep Locales Honest in CI",[14,825,826],{},"Three checks run on every pull request.",[68,828,830],{"className":426,"code":829,"language":428,"meta":73,"style":73},"# .github\u002Fworkflows\u002Fbuild.yml (excerpt)\n- name: Build and report missing strings\n  run: |\n    hugo --gc --minify --printI18nWarnings 2>&1 | tee build.log\n    if grep -q \"i18n|MISSING_TRANSLATION\" build.log; then\n      echo \"::error::Missing UI translations\"; grep \"MISSING_TRANSLATION\" build.log; exit 1\n    fi\n- name: Check hreflang groups\n  run: node scripts\u002Fcheck-hreflang.mjs\n- name: Report stale translations\n  run: node scripts\u002Fstale-translations.mjs >> \"$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY\"\n",[47,831,832,837,850,861,866,871,876,881,892,901,912],{"__ignoreMap":73},[77,833,834],{"class":79,"line":80},[77,835,836],{"class":435},"# .github\u002Fworkflows\u002Fbuild.yml (excerpt)\n",[77,838,839,842,845,847],{"class":79,"line":86},[77,840,841],{"class":450},"- ",[77,843,844],{"class":447},"name",[77,846,451],{"class":450},[77,848,849],{"class":454},"Build and report missing strings\n",[77,851,852,855,857],{"class":79,"line":92},[77,853,854],{"class":447},"  run",[77,856,451],{"class":450},[77,858,860],{"class":859},"szBVR","|\n",[77,862,863],{"class":79,"line":98},[77,864,865],{"class":454},"    hugo --gc --minify --printI18nWarnings 2>&1 | tee build.log\n",[77,867,868],{"class":79,"line":104},[77,869,870],{"class":454},"    if grep -q \"i18n|MISSING_TRANSLATION\" build.log; then\n",[77,872,873],{"class":79,"line":111},[77,874,875],{"class":454},"      echo \"::error::Missing UI translations\"; grep \"MISSING_TRANSLATION\" build.log; exit 1\n",[77,877,878],{"class":79,"line":117},[77,879,880],{"class":454},"    fi\n",[77,882,883,885,887,889],{"class":79,"line":123},[77,884,841],{"class":450},[77,886,844],{"class":447},[77,888,451],{"class":450},[77,890,891],{"class":454},"Check hreflang groups\n",[77,893,894,896,898],{"class":79,"line":129},[77,895,854],{"class":447},[77,897,451],{"class":450},[77,899,900],{"class":454},"node scripts\u002Fcheck-hreflang.mjs\n",[77,902,903,905,907,909],{"class":79,"line":135},[77,904,841],{"class":450},[77,906,844],{"class":447},[77,908,451],{"class":450},[77,910,911],{"class":454},"Report stale translations\n",[77,913,914,916,918],{"class":79,"line":141},[77,915,854],{"class":447},[77,917,451],{"class":450},[77,919,920],{"class":454},"node scripts\u002Fstale-translations.mjs >> \"$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY\"\n",[14,922,923,924,927,928,932],{},"The stale-translation report compares each translated page's recorded ",[47,925,926],{},"sourceCommit"," with the latest commit touching its English source, as described in ",[21,929,931],{"href":930},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Ftranslation-workflows-with-git-and-crowdin\u002F","Translation Workflows with Git and Crowdin",". It is a report rather than a failure, because stale pages are a content backlog, not a broken build.",[32,934,936],{"id":935},"step-5-watch-the-build-time","Step 5: Watch the Build Time",[14,938,939,940,943,944,947,948,952,953,956],{},"Each language is a site pass, so build time grows with locales. Profile with ",[47,941,942],{},"hugo --templateMetrics --templateMetricsHints"," after adding languages: partials that were cheap once become four times as expensive. On this site, caching the sidebar partial per section and language with ",[47,945,946],{},"partialCached"," cut the four-language build from 41.7 s to 34.1 s — the technique is covered in ",[21,949,951],{"href":950},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fhugo-build-times-for-large-repositories\u002Fhugo-partialcached-for-faster-builds\u002F","Hugo partialCached for Faster Builds",". Include the language in the cache key: ",[47,954,955],{},"{{ partialCached \"sidebar.html\" . .Section .Language.Lang }}",", or German pages will show the English sidebar.",[269,958,959,1052],{},[272,960,280,965,280,968,280,971,280,974],{"viewBox":961,"role":275,"ariaLabelledBy":962,"xmlns":279},"0 0 760 295",[963,964],"hugo-time-title","hugo-time-desc",[282,966,967],{"id":963},"Hugo build time per number of languages",[286,969,970],{"id":964},"Vertical bars of median build time. One language 9.8 seconds, two languages 18.9 seconds, three languages 27.6 seconds, four languages 41.7 seconds before caching, four languages 34.1 seconds after caching the sidebar partial per section and language.",[290,972],{"x":292,"y":292,"width":293,"height":973,"fill":295},"295",[297,975,300,976,300,983,300,988,300,993,300,998,300,1004,300,1007,300,1010,300,1015,300,1019,300,1024,300,1027,300,1031,300,1034,300,1040,300,1043,300,1049,280],{"style":299},[290,977],{"x":978,"y":979,"width":980,"height":303,"rx":981,"fill":321,"opacity":982,"stroke":321,"style":678},"67.2","206.0","81.6","3","0.3",[290,984],{"x":985,"y":986,"width":980,"height":987,"rx":981,"fill":321,"opacity":982,"stroke":321,"style":678},"203.2","168.9","77.1",[290,989],{"x":990,"y":991,"width":980,"height":992,"rx":981,"fill":321,"opacity":982,"stroke":321,"style":678},"339.2","133.5","112.5",[290,994],{"x":995,"y":996,"width":980,"height":997,"rx":981,"fill":717,"opacity":982,"stroke":719,"style":678},"475.2","76.0","170.0",[290,999],{"x":1000,"y":1001,"width":980,"height":1002,"rx":981,"fill":334,"opacity":1003,"stroke":336,"style":678},"611.2","107.0","139.0","0.4",[312,1005],{"d":1006,"fill":315,"stroke":316,"style":310},"M30.0 246.0 L730.0 246.0",[338,1008,1009],{"x":340,"y":341,"fill":342,"style":343},"Build time as languages were added",[338,1011,1014],{"x":1012,"y":1013,"fill":342,"style":734},"108.0","199.0","9.8 s",[338,1016,1018],{"x":1012,"y":1017,"fill":316,"style":747},"264.0","1 language",[338,1020,1023],{"x":1021,"y":1022,"fill":342,"style":734},"244.0","161.9","18.9 s",[338,1025,1026],{"x":1021,"y":1017,"fill":316,"style":747},"2 languages",[338,1028,1030],{"x":340,"y":1029,"fill":342,"style":734},"126.5","27.6 s",[338,1032,1033],{"x":340,"y":1017,"fill":316,"style":747},"3 languages",[338,1035,1039],{"x":1036,"y":1037,"fill":1038,"style":734},"516.0","69.0","#b32b30","41.7 s",[338,1041,1042],{"x":1036,"y":1017,"fill":316,"style":747},"4 languages",[338,1044,1048],{"x":1045,"y":1046,"fill":1047,"style":734},"652.0","100.0","#3f6410","34.1 s",[338,1050,1051],{"x":1045,"y":1017,"fill":316,"style":747},"4 with partialCached",[414,1053,1054],{},"Median of five hyperfine runs on an 8-vCPU runner with a warm resources cache.",[32,1056,1058],{"id":1057},"step-6-untranslated-pages-shared-assets-and-taxonomies","Step 6: Untranslated Pages, Shared Assets and Taxonomies",[14,1060,1061],{},"Three details decide how the multilingual site behaves day to day.",[14,1063,1064,1068,1069,1071,1072,1075,1076,1079],{},[1065,1066,1067],"strong",{},"Untranslated pages."," A page that exists only in ",[47,1070,250],{}," simply does not exist in the German site pass, and ",[47,1073,1074],{},".IsTranslated"," is false. That is usually right: the German sidebar does not list it, no alternate points at it, and nothing 404s. If a German section should still link to the English original, render the link explicitly with ",[47,1077,1078],{},"site.Sites.Default"," and label it with the language: \"Troubleshooting (English)\". Resist the option of copying English files into the German tree to fill gaps; each copy becomes a German URL with English text, and the stale-translation report can no longer tell a copy from a translation.",[14,1081,1082,1085,1086,1089,1090,1093,1094,1097],{},[1065,1083,1084],{},"Shared images and assets."," Screenshots often contain UI text and so need per-language versions, while diagrams and photos usually do not. Page bundles make this manageable: put language-neutral images in the English bundle and reference them with ",[47,1087,1088],{},".Resources"," via the default site, and put localized screenshots next to the translated page. Hugo's ",[47,1091,1092],{},"[module] [[module.mounts]]"," configuration can also mount a shared ",[47,1095,1096],{},"assets\u002F"," directory into every language so logos and icons exist once in the repository but are available in every site pass.",[14,1099,1100,1103,1104,1107,1108,1111,1112,1115,1116,1119],{},[1065,1101,1102],{},"Taxonomies."," Tags are per language. A German page tagged ",[47,1105,1106],{},"Installation"," and an English page tagged ",[47,1109,1110],{},"installation"," produce separate term pages in separate sites, which is correct, but a tag cloud that should be the same across languages needs the tags translated like any other string. Keep the tag vocabulary small and define display names in the ",[47,1113,1114],{},"i18n"," tables, with the tag keys themselves left in English in frontmatter. That keeps term URLs stable for all languages (",[47,1117,1118],{},"\u002Fde\u002Ftags\u002Finstallation\u002F",") while the page shows \"Installation\" or \"インストール\" as appropriate.",[32,1121,1123],{"id":1122},"measured-impact","Measured Impact",[1125,1126,1127,1140],"table",{},[1128,1129,1130],"thead",{},[1131,1132,1133,1137],"tr",{},[1134,1135,1136],"th",{},"Measure",[1134,1138,1139],{},"Result",[1141,1142,1143,1152,1159,1167,1179,1186],"tbody",{},[1131,1144,1145,1149],{},[1146,1147,1148],"td",{},"Pages built (4 languages)",[1146,1150,1151],{},"2,560",[1131,1153,1154,1157],{},[1146,1155,1156],{},"Build time, median of five runs",[1146,1158,1048],{},[1131,1160,1161,1164],{},[1146,1162,1163],{},"Custom template code for i18n",[1146,1165,1166],{},"38 lines (switcher, hreflang partial)",[1131,1168,1169,1176],{},[1146,1170,1171,1172,1175],{},"Missing UI strings caught by ",[47,1173,1174],{},"--printI18nWarnings"," at first run",[1146,1177,1178],{},"26",[1131,1180,1181,1184],{},[1146,1182,1183],{},"URLs changed for English",[1146,1185,292],{},[1131,1187,1188,1191],{},[1146,1189,1190],{},"Sitemap files",[1146,1192,1193],{},"1 index + 4 language sitemaps",[32,1195,1197],{"id":1196},"pitfalls-rollback","Pitfalls & Rollback",[37,1199,1200,1208,1217,1223,1236,1249,1267],{},[40,1201,1202,1207],{},[1065,1203,1204,1206],{},[47,1205,946],{}," without the language in the key."," Serves one language's markup to all languages.",[40,1209,1210,1216],{},[1065,1211,1212,1213,30],{},"Forgetting ",[47,1214,1215],{},"hasCJKLanguage"," Japanese summaries become the whole page and reading times are wrong.",[40,1218,1219,1222],{},[1065,1220,1221],{},"Mixing directory and suffix layouts."," Hugo supports both, but using both in one site makes translation linking hard to predict.",[40,1224,1225,1231,1232,1235],{},[1065,1226,1227,1230],{},[47,1228,1229],{},"defaultContentLanguageInSubdir"," flipped late."," Moving English to ",[47,1233,1234],{},"\u002Fen\u002F"," after launch changes every URL; decide before going live.",[40,1237,1238,1245,1246,1248],{},[1065,1239,1240,1241,1244],{},"Per-language ",[47,1242,1243],{},"baseURL"," by accident."," Setting ",[47,1247,1243],{}," inside a language block turns that language into a separate host; only do it deliberately for country domains, and check that the certificate and CDN cover it.",[40,1250,1251,1254,1255,1258,1259,1262,1263,1266],{},[1065,1252,1253],{},"Relative links in Markdown."," A link written as ",[47,1256,1257],{},"\u002Fguide\u002F"," in German content points at the English page. Use ",[47,1260,1261],{},"relref"," or ",[47,1264,1265],{},"ref"," shortcodes, or a render hook that resolves links within the current language, so translated pages link to translated pages.",[40,1268,1269,1272],{},[1065,1270,1271],{},"Rollback:"," languages are configuration. Removing a language block drops that site pass and its output directory; the English site is unaffected.",[32,1274,1276],{"id":1275},"conclusion","Conclusion",[14,1278,1279],{},"Hugo makes a multilingual site mostly a matter of configuration: declare languages, give translators their own content directories, link translations with a key, and put strings in i18n tables. Add three CI checks — missing strings, hreflang reciprocity, stale translations — and watch template cost as each language multiplies it. The four-language documentation site needed 38 lines of custom template code and still builds in about half a minute.",[32,1281,1283],{"id":1282},"faq","FAQ",[1285,1286,1288],"h3",{"id":1287},"should-i-use-per-language-directories-or-filename-suffixes-in-hugo","Should I use per-language directories or filename suffixes in Hugo?",[14,1290,1291],{},"Per-language content directories scale better for teams because translators work in a separate tree and a translation management system can map one directory per locale. Filename suffixes such as install.de.md keep translations next to their source, which suits small sites maintained by one person.",[1285,1293,1295],{"id":1294},"how-does-hugo-know-two-pages-are-translations-of-each-other","How does Hugo know two pages are translations of each other?",[14,1297,1298],{},"By default, pages with the same path relative to their language's content directory are linked. Setting translationKey in frontmatter overrides that, so translations can have different file names and slugs and still be linked.",[1285,1300,1302],{"id":1301},"does-each-language-slow-the-hugo-build-down","Does each language slow the Hugo build down?",[14,1304,1305],{},"Yes, roughly linearly, because Hugo renders each language as its own site. On a 640-page documentation site, four languages took the build from 9.8 seconds to 34.1 seconds, which is still fast enough for every pull request.",[1285,1307,1309],{"id":1308},"how-do-i-find-untranslated-ui-strings-in-hugo","How do I find untranslated UI strings in Hugo?",[14,1311,1312],{},"Run hugo with the --printI18nWarnings flag. 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Eleventy",{"path":1702,"title":1703},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fsearch-for-static-sites\u002Fcustomizing-the-pagefind-ui","Customizing the Pagefind UI",{"path":1705,"title":1706},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fsearch-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-missing-results-in-pagefind-indexes","Fixing Missing Results in Pagefind Indexes",{"path":1708,"title":1709},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fsearch-for-static-sites","Search for Static Sites",{"path":1711,"title":1354},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fsearch-for-static-sites\u002Findexing-hugo-sites-with-pagefind",{"path":1713,"title":1714},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fsearch-for-static-sites\u002Fmultilingual-search-on-static-sites","Multilingual Search on Static Sites",{"path":1716,"title":1717},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fsearch-for-static-sites\u002Fpagefind-vs-algolia-docsearch","Pagefind vs Algolia DocSearch",{"path":1719,"title":1720},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fsearch-for-static-sites\u002Fpagefind-vs-lunr-for-small-documentation-sites","Pagefind vs Lunr for Small Documentation Sites",{"path":1722,"title":1723},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fsearch-for-static-sites\u002Fsearch-index-size-budgets-for-large-docs","Search Index Size Budgets for Large Docs",{"path":1725,"title":1726},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fsearch-for-static-sites\u002Fself-hosting-typesense-for-a-static-site","Self-Hosting Typesense for a Static Site",{"path":1728,"title":1729},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fsearch-for-static-sites\u002Ftracking-zero-result-searches","Tracking 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Risk",{"path":1755,"title":1756},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fssg-framework-selection-matrix\u002Fssg-selection-checklist-for-engineering-teams","SSG Selection Checklist for Engineering Teams",{"path":1758,"title":1759},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fssg-framework-selection-matrix\u002Ftotal-cost-of-ownership-for-static-site-generators","Total Cost of Ownership for Static Site Generators",{"path":1761,"title":1762},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Fssg-framework-selection-matrix\u002Fwhen-a-static-site-generator-is-the-wrong-choice","When a Static Site Generator Is the Wrong Choice",{"path":1764,"title":1765},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Fadding-json-ld-structured-data-at-build-time","Adding JSON-LD Structured Data at Build Time",{"path":1767,"title":1768},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Fcanonical-urls-and-duplicate-content-on-static-sites","Canonical URLs and Duplicate Content on Static Sites",{"path":1770,"title":1771},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-pages-crawled-but-not-indexed-on-static-sites","Fixing Pages Crawled but Not Indexed on Static Sites",{"path":1773,"title":1774},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-soft-404s-on-static-hosts","Fixing Soft 404s on Static Hosts",{"path":1776,"title":1777},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Fgenerating-breadcrumb-structured-data-in-astro","Generating Breadcrumb Structured Data in Astro",{"path":1779,"title":1780},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Fgenerating-sitemaps-for-large-static-sites","Generating Sitemaps for Large Static Sites",{"path":1782,"title":1783},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites","Technical SEO for Static Sites",{"path":1785,"title":1786},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Frobots-txt-and-noindex-for-preview-and-staging","robots.txt and noindex for Preview and Staging",{"path":1788,"title":1789},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Frss-and-atom-feeds-for-static-blogs","RSS and Atom Feeds for Static Blogs",{"path":1791,"title":1792},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Fseo-safe-pagination-and-tag-pages","SEO-Safe 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Sites",{"path":1806,"title":1807},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcache-keys-and-query-strings-on-cdns","Cache Keys and Query Strings on CDNs",{"path":1809,"title":1810},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcaching-404s-and-redirects-at-the-edge","Caching 404s and Redirects at the Edge",{"path":1812,"title":1813},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fcloudflare-vs-cloudfront-cache-hit-ratios-for-static-sites","Cloudflare vs CloudFront Cache Hit Ratios for Static Sites",{"path":1815,"title":1816},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Ffixing-stale-html-after-deploys-on-cloudflare","Fixing Stale HTML After Deploys on Cloudflare",{"path":1818,"title":1819},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs","CDN Caching Rules for SSGs",{"path":1821,"title":1822},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fpurging-the-cdn-cache-after-a-static-deploy","Purging the CDN Cache After a Static Deploy",{"path":1824,"title":1825},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fsetting-cache-control-headers-on-cloudflare-pages","Cache-Control Headers on Cloudflare Pages",{"path":1827,"title":1828},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fsetting-up-proper-cache-headers-on-netlify","Proper Cache Headers on Netlify for SSGs",{"path":1830,"title":1831},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Fstale-while-revalidate-for-static-html","Stale-While-Revalidate for Static HTML",{"path":1833,"title":1834},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Ftiered-caching-and-origin-shield","Tiered Caching and Origin Shield",{"path":1836,"title":1837},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fcode-splitting-and-module-preload-in-vite-based-ssgs","Code Splitting and Module Preload in Vite-Based SSGs",{"path":1839,"title":1840},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ffixing-missing-tailwind-classes-in-production-builds","Fixing Missing Tailwind Classes in Production Builds",{"path":1842,"title":1843},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ffixing-unused-javascript-warnings-on-static-pages","Fixing Unused JavaScript Warnings on Static Pages",{"path":1845,"title":1846},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization","CSS and JavaScript Asset Optimization",{"path":1848,"title":1849},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Finlining-critical-css-on-static-sites","Inlining Critical CSS on Static Sites",{"path":1851,"title":1852},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fkeeping-tailwind-css-output-small-on-static-sites","Keeping Tailwind CSS Output Small on Static Sites",{"path":1854,"title":1855},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fminifying-html-css-and-js-in-eleventy","Minifying HTML, CSS and JS in Eleventy",{"path":1857,"title":1858},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fprecompressing-assets-with-brotli-and-zstd","Precompressing Assets with Brotli and Zstd",{"path":1860,"title":1861},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fpurging-unused-css-with-tailwind-and-lightningcss","Purging Unused CSS with Tailwind and Lightning CSS",{"path":1863,"title":1864},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fsvg-icon-sprites-vs-inline-icons","SVG Icon Sprites vs Inline Icons",{"path":1866,"title":1867},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ftailwind-v4-in-astro-without-postcss-plugins","Tailwind v4 in Astro Without PostCSS 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Plugins",{"path":1965,"title":1966},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fresponsive-images-with-srcset-in-eleventy","Responsive Images with srcset in Eleventy",{"path":1968,"title":1969},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fserving-astro-images-through-cloudflare-image-resizing","Serving Astro Images Through Cloudflare Image Resizing",{"path":1971,"title":1972},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fserving-avif-with-fallbacks-on-static-sites","Serving AVIF With Fallbacks on Static Sites",{"path":1974,"title":1975},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs","Core Web Vitals Optimization for SSGs",{"path":1977,"title":1978},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fastro-islands-vs-full-hydration-performance","Astro Islands vs Full Hydration Performance",{"path":1980,"title":1981},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fbreaking-up-long-tasks-on-static-sites","Breaking Up Long Tasks on Static Sites",{"path":1983,"title":1984},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fdeferring-hydration-with-client-visible-in-astro","Deferring Hydration with client:visible in Astro",{"path":1986,"title":1987},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Ffixing-hydration-mismatch-errors-in-astro-islands","Fixing Hydration Mismatch Errors in Astro 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RUM",{"path":2001,"title":2002},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fpreact-vs-react-islands-bundle-size","Preact vs React Islands Bundle Size",{"path":2004,"title":2005},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Freplacing-react-islands-with-web-components","Replacing React Islands with Web Components",{"path":2007,"title":2008},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fserver-islands-in-astro","Server Islands in Astro",{"path":2010,"title":2011},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Feliminating-render-blocking-css-on-static-sites","Eliminating Render-Blocking CSS on Static Sites",{"path":2013,"title":2014},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-lcp-on-text-heavy-documentation-pages","Fixing LCP on Text-Heavy Documentation Pages",{"path":2016,"title":2017},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-lcp-regressions-caused-by-cookie-consent-tools","Fixing LCP Regressions Caused by Cookie Consent Tools",{"path":2019,"title":2020},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-lcp-when-the-hero-is-a-background-image","Fixing LCP When the Hero Is a Background Image",{"path":2022,"title":2023},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-slow-lcp-on-pages-with-embedded-video","Fixing Slow LCP on Pages With Embedded Video",{"path":2025,"title":2026},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Fimproving-ttfb-for-static-html","Improving TTFB for Static HTML",{"path":2028,"title":2029},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites","Largest Contentful Paint Optimization for Static Sites",{"path":2031,"title":2032},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Fmeasuring-lcp-subparts-with-devtools","Measuring LCP Subparts with DevTools",{"path":2034,"title":2035},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Flargest-contentful-paint-optimization-for-static-sites\u002Foptimizing-lcp-on-astro-with-priority-hints","Optimizing LCP on Astro with Priority 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Gates",{"path":2049,"title":2050},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fperformance-budgets-and-lighthouse-ci\u002Fmeasuring-web-vitals-in-playwright-tests","Measuring Web Vitals in Playwright Tests",{"path":2052,"title":2053},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fperformance-budgets-and-lighthouse-ci\u002Fper-template-performance-budgets","Per-Template Performance Budgets",{"path":2055,"title":2056},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fperformance-budgets-and-lighthouse-ci\u002Fperformance-testing-on-throttled-mobile-profiles","Performance Testing on Throttled Mobile Profiles",{"path":2058,"title":2059},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fperformance-budgets-and-lighthouse-ci\u002Freducing-lighthouse-score-variance-in-ci","Reducing Lighthouse Score Variance in 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Astro",{"path":2100,"title":2101},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fresource-hints-and-navigation-speed\u002Fview-transitions-in-astro-without-hurting-vitals","View Transitions in Astro Without Hurting Vitals",{"path":2103,"title":2104},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fresource-hints-and-navigation-speed\u002Fview-transitions-on-multi-page-static-sites","View Transitions on Multi-Page Static Sites",{"path":2106,"title":2107},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fthird-party-script-performance-on-static-sites\u002Fauditing-third-party-scripts-with-lighthouse","Auditing Third-Party Scripts With Lighthouse",{"path":2109,"title":2110},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fthird-party-script-performance-on-static-sites\u002Ffacades-for-chat-widgets-and-maps","Facades for Chat Widgets and 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INP",{"path":2124,"title":2125},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fthird-party-script-performance-on-static-sites\u002Fmeasuring-third-party-cost-with-request-blocking","Measuring Third-Party Cost with Request Blocking",{"path":2127,"title":2128},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fthird-party-script-performance-on-static-sites\u002Fprivacy-friendly-analytics-compared-by-page-weight","Privacy-Friendly Analytics Compared by Page Weight",{"path":2130,"title":2131},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fthird-party-script-performance-on-static-sites\u002Frunning-third-party-scripts-in-a-web-worker-with-partytown","Running Third-Party Scripts in a Web Worker with Partytown",{"path":2133,"title":2134},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fthird-party-script-performance-on-static-sites\u002Fself-hosting-analytics-to-cut-third-party-requests","Self-Hosting Analytics to Cut Third-Party Requests",{"path":2136,"title":2137},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fcloudflare-pages-edge-caching-setup\u002Fautomating-eleventy-deployments-with-cloudflare-pages","Automating Eleventy Deployments on Cloudflare Pages",{"path":2139,"title":2140},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fcloudflare-pages-edge-caching-setup\u002Fbranch-deploy-controls-on-cloudflare-pages","Branch Deploy Controls on Cloudflare Pages",{"path":2142,"title":2143},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fcloudflare-pages-edge-caching-setup\u002Fcloudflare-pages-functions-middleware","Cloudflare Pages Functions Middleware",{"path":2145,"title":2146},"\u002Fproduction-ready-deployment-cicd-workflows\u002Fcloudflare-pages-edge-caching-setup\u002Fconfiguring-redirects-on-cloudflare-pages","Configuring Redirects on Cloudflare 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