[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2420},["ShallowReactive",2],{"page:\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-hreflang-errors-reported-in-search-console":3,"all-docs-nav":1272,"filed:\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-hreflang-errors-reported-in-search-console":2414},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"breadcrumb":1248,"dateModified":1257,"datePublished":1257,"description":1258,"extension":1259,"faq":1260,"meta":1265,"navigation":1266,"path":1267,"seo":1268,"slug":12,"stem":1269,"type":1270,"__hash__":1271},"content\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-hreflang-errors-reported-in-search-console\u002Findex.md","Fixing Hreflang Errors Reported in Search Console",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":1227},"minimark",[9,13,17,31,36,49,53,61,357,360,491,495,517,523,559,566,570,592,619,624,628,653,830,834,844,863,869,873,876,880,883,999,1003,1009,1012,1016,1105,1109,1142,1146,1149,1153,1158,1161,1165,1168,1172,1175,1179,1182,1186,1223],[10,11,5],"h1",{"id":12},"fixing-hreflang-errors-reported-in-search-console",[14,15,16],"p",{},"Hreflang tells search engines which pages are translations of each other, so a German reader gets the German page in results. It is also one of the easiest things to get subtly wrong. Every page in a set must list every other page, including itself; every URL must be the canonical one; and every language code must be valid. A static site generates all of this from templates, so one template bug produces thousands of errors at once — which is the good news, because one template fix removes them all.",[14,18,19,20,25,26,30],{},"This guide fixes the hreflang problems on a 9,000-page product site in five languages built with Hugo, after an SEO audit and Search Console's international targeting data showed German and French pages appearing in the wrong countries' results. It belongs to ",[21,22,24],"a",{"href":23},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002F","Internationalization for Static Sites","; the basics of generating hreflang are in ",[21,27,29],{"href":28},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Fhreflang-and-language-alternates-on-static-sites\u002F","hreflang and Language Alternates on Static Sites",".",[32,33,35],"h2",{"id":34},"symptoms","Symptoms",[37,38,39,43,46],"ul",{},[40,41,42],"li",{},"Search Console's URL Inspection showed German pages with \"Google-selected canonical\" set to the English page.",[40,44,45],{},"An audit crawl with Screaming Frog reported 6,840 hreflang issues across 9,000 pages.",[40,47,48],{},"In analytics, 31% of organic sessions on English pages came from Germany and Austria, where German pages existed.",[32,50,52],{"id":51},"step-1-crawl-and-group-the-errors","Step 1: Crawl and Group the Errors",[14,54,55,56,60],{},"Crawl the built site rather than the live one, so fixes can be verified before deploying. A short script over the HTML output collects every page's ",[57,58,59],"code",{},"link rel=\"alternate\" hreflang"," set and checks the rules:",[62,63,68],"pre",{"className":64,"code":65,"language":66,"meta":67,"style":67},"language-js shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","for (const [url, alts] of pages) {\n  for (const [lang, target] of Object.entries(alts)) {\n    if (!pages.has(target)) err(url, 'target not built', target);\n    else if (pages.get(target)[lang] === undefined) err(url, 'target lacks self-reference', target);\n    else if (!Object.values(pages.get(target)).includes(url)) err(url, 'no return link', target);\n    if (canonical.get(target) !== target) err(url, 'target not canonical', target);\n    if (!\u002F^([a-z]{2,3})(-[A-Z]{2})?$|^x-default$\u002F.test(lang)) err(url, 'invalid code', lang);\n  }\n}\n","js","",[57,69,70,108,142,175,211,251,279,345,351],{"__ignoreMap":67},[71,72,75,79,83,86,89,93,96,99,102,105],"span",{"class":73,"line":74},"line",1,[71,76,78],{"class":77},"szBVR","for",[71,80,82],{"class":81},"sVt8B"," (",[71,84,85],{"class":77},"const",[71,87,88],{"class":81}," [",[71,90,92],{"class":91},"sj4cs","url",[71,94,95],{"class":81},", ",[71,97,98],{"class":91},"alts",[71,100,101],{"class":81},"] ",[71,103,104],{"class":77},"of",[71,106,107],{"class":81}," pages) {\n",[71,109,111,114,116,118,120,123,125,128,130,132,135,139],{"class":73,"line":110},2,[71,112,113],{"class":77},"  for",[71,115,82],{"class":81},[71,117,85],{"class":77},[71,119,88],{"class":81},[71,121,122],{"class":91},"lang",[71,124,95],{"class":81},[71,126,127],{"class":91},"target",[71,129,101],{"class":81},[71,131,104],{"class":77},[71,133,134],{"class":81}," Object.",[71,136,138],{"class":137},"sScJk","entries",[71,140,141],{"class":81},"(alts)) {\n",[71,143,145,148,150,153,156,159,162,165,168,172],{"class":73,"line":144},3,[71,146,147],{"class":77},"    if",[71,149,82],{"class":81},[71,151,152],{"class":77},"!",[71,154,155],{"class":81},"pages.",[71,157,158],{"class":137},"has",[71,160,161],{"class":81},"(target)) ",[71,163,164],{"class":137},"err",[71,166,167],{"class":81},"(url, ",[71,169,171],{"class":170},"sZZnC","'target not built'",[71,173,174],{"class":81},", target);\n",[71,176,178,181,184,187,190,193,196,199,202,204,206,209],{"class":73,"line":177},4,[71,179,180],{"class":77},"    else",[71,182,183],{"class":77}," if",[71,185,186],{"class":81}," (pages.",[71,188,189],{"class":137},"get",[71,191,192],{"class":81},"(target)[lang] ",[71,194,195],{"class":77},"===",[71,197,198],{"class":91}," undefined",[71,200,201],{"class":81},") ",[71,203,164],{"class":137},[71,205,167],{"class":81},[71,207,208],{"class":170},"'target lacks self-reference'",[71,210,174],{"class":81},[71,212,214,216,218,220,222,225,228,231,233,236,239,242,244,246,249],{"class":73,"line":213},5,[71,215,180],{"class":77},[71,217,183],{"class":77},[71,219,82],{"class":81},[71,221,152],{"class":77},[71,223,224],{"class":81},"Object.",[71,226,227],{"class":137},"values",[71,229,230],{"class":81},"(pages.",[71,232,189],{"class":137},[71,234,235],{"class":81},"(target)).",[71,237,238],{"class":137},"includes",[71,240,241],{"class":81},"(url)) ",[71,243,164],{"class":137},[71,245,167],{"class":81},[71,247,248],{"class":170},"'no return link'",[71,250,174],{"class":81},[71,252,254,256,259,261,264,267,270,272,274,277],{"class":73,"line":253},6,[71,255,147],{"class":77},[71,257,258],{"class":81}," (canonical.",[71,260,189],{"class":137},[71,262,263],{"class":81},"(target) ",[71,265,266],{"class":77},"!==",[71,268,269],{"class":81}," target) ",[71,271,164],{"class":137},[71,273,167],{"class":81},[71,275,276],{"class":170},"'target not 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}\n",[71,352,354],{"class":73,"line":353},9,[71,355,356],{"class":81},"}\n",[14,358,359],{},"Grouped by error type:",[361,362,363,487],"figure",{},[364,365,372,373,372,377,372,381,372,388],"svg",{"viewBox":366,"role":367,"ariaLabelledBy":368,"xmlns":371},"0 0 760 244","img",[369,370],"hrfl-errs-title","hrfl-errs-desc","http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg","\n  ",[374,375,376],"title",{"id":369},"Number of hreflang errors on the built site by error type",[378,379,380],"desc",{"id":370},"Horizontal bars. No return link 3,120 errors. Target URL not canonical because of a missing trailing slash 2,210. Invalid language code 980. Target page not built 410. Missing self-reference 120.",[382,383],"rect",{"x":384,"y":384,"width":385,"height":386,"fill":387},"0","760","244","#ffffff",[389,390,392,393,392,404,392,408,392,415,392,419,392,425,392,431,392,439,392,444,392,451,392,455,392,460,392,464,392,469,392,473,392,478,392,482,372],"g",{"style":391},"font-family:system-ui, sans-serif;font-size:12px","\n    ",[382,394],{"x":395,"y":396,"width":397,"height":398,"rx":399,"fill":400,"opacity":401,"stroke":402,"style":403},"240.0","65.0","450.4","20.0","3","#ff595e","0.3","#d83b41","stroke-width:1px",[382,405],{"x":395,"y":406,"width":407,"height":398,"rx":399,"fill":400,"opacity":401,"stroke":402,"style":403},"99.0","319.0",[382,409],{"x":395,"y":410,"width":411,"height":398,"rx":399,"fill":412,"opacity":413,"stroke":414,"style":403},"133.0","141.5","#ffca3a","0.45","#a97b00",[382,416],{"x":395,"y":417,"width":418,"height":398,"rx":399,"fill":412,"opacity":413,"stroke":414,"style":403},"167.0","59.2",[382,420],{"x":395,"y":421,"width":422,"height":398,"rx":399,"fill":423,"stroke":424,"style":403},"201.0","17.3","#d9e2ef","#556071",[426,427],"path",{"d":428,"fill":429,"stroke":424,"style":430},"M240.0 60.0 L240.0 226.0","none","stroke-width:1.5px",[432,433,438],"text",{"x":434,"y":435,"fill":436,"style":437},"380.0","30.0","#1f2937","font-size:16px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","Hreflang errors by type",[432,440,443],{"x":398,"y":441,"fill":436,"style":442},"79.2","font-size:12px;text-anchor:start","No return link",[432,445,450],{"x":446,"y":447,"fill":448,"style":449},"698.4","79.5","#b32b30","font-size:12px;text-anchor:start;font-weight:700","3120",[432,452,454],{"x":398,"y":453,"fill":436,"style":442},"113.2","Target not canonical",[432,456,459],{"x":457,"y":458,"fill":448,"style":449},"567.0","113.5","2210",[432,461,463],{"x":398,"y":462,"fill":436,"style":442},"147.2","Invalid language code",[432,465,468],{"x":466,"y":467,"fill":436,"style":449},"389.5","147.5","980",[432,470,472],{"x":398,"y":471,"fill":436,"style":442},"181.2","Target not built",[432,474,477],{"x":475,"y":476,"fill":436,"style":449},"307.2","181.5","410",[432,479,481],{"x":398,"y":480,"fill":436,"style":442},"215.2","No self-reference",[432,483,486],{"x":484,"y":485,"fill":436,"style":449},"265.3","215.5","120",[488,489,490],"figcaption",{},"6,840 errors across 9,000 pages; four template bugs accounted for all of them.",[32,492,494],{"id":493},"cause-1-translations-linked-by-title-instead-of-key","Cause 1: Translations Linked by Title Instead of Key",[14,496,497,498,501,502,505,506,509,510,513,514,516],{},"The template found translations with ",[57,499,500],{},".Translations",", which in Hugo matches pages by their path (or by a ",[57,503,504],{},"translationKey","). Writers had translated some pages under different file names — ",[57,507,508],{},"pricing.md"," became ",[57,511,512],{},"preise.md"," in German — without setting ",[57,515,504],{},", so Hugo saw them as unrelated pages. The English page listed no German alternate, while a hand-written override on the German page pointed at the English one. One direction, no return.",[14,518,519,520,522],{},"The fix was to set ",[57,521,504],{}," on every page whose file name differs between languages:",[62,524,528],{"className":525,"code":526,"language":527,"meta":67,"style":67},"language-yaml shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","---\ntitle: Preise\ntranslationKey: pricing\n---\n","yaml",[57,529,530,535,546,555],{"__ignoreMap":67},[71,531,532],{"class":73,"line":74},[71,533,534],{"class":137},"---\n",[71,536,537,540,543],{"class":73,"line":110},[71,538,374],{"class":539},"s9eBZ",[71,541,542],{"class":81},": ",[71,544,545],{"class":170},"Preise\n",[71,547,548,550,552],{"class":73,"line":144},[71,549,504],{"class":539},[71,551,542],{"class":81},[71,553,554],{"class":170},"pricing\n",[71,556,557],{"class":73,"line":177},[71,558,534],{"class":137},[14,560,561,562,565],{},"A script found the 214 affected page groups by matching pages across languages through an existing mapping in the translation management system's export. After adding the keys, ",[57,563,564],{},".AllTranslations"," returned complete sets for all of them.",[32,567,569],{"id":568},"cause-2-urls-that-were-not-canonical","Cause 2: URLs That Were Not Canonical",[14,571,572,573,576,577,580,581,584,585,588,589,591],{},"The template built alternate URLs with ",[57,574,575],{},".RelPermalink"," and prefixed the base URL by hand, producing ",[57,578,579],{},"https:\u002F\u002Fexample.com\u002Fde\u002Fpreise"," — no trailing slash. The canonical tag, generated by a different partial using ",[57,582,583],{},".Permalink",", was ",[57,586,587],{},"https:\u002F\u002Fexample.com\u002Fde\u002Fpreise\u002F",". The host redirected the first to the second, so every hreflang target was a redirect. Using ",[57,590,583],{}," in both places made them identical:",[62,593,597],{"className":594,"code":595,"language":596,"meta":67,"style":67},"language-go-html-template shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","{{ range .AllTranslations }}\n  \u003Clink rel=\"alternate\" hreflang=\"{{ .Language.LanguageCode }}\" href=\"{{ .Permalink }}\">\n{{ end }}\n{{ with .Sites.Default.GetPage .Path }}\u003Clink rel=\"alternate\" hreflang=\"x-default\" href=\"{{ .Permalink }}\">{{ end }}\n","go-html-template",[57,598,599,604,609,614],{"__ignoreMap":67},[71,600,601],{"class":73,"line":74},[71,602,603],{},"{{ range .AllTranslations }}\n",[71,605,606],{"class":73,"line":110},[71,607,608],{},"  \u003Clink rel=\"alternate\" hreflang=\"{{ .Language.LanguageCode }}\" href=\"{{ .Permalink }}\">\n",[71,610,611],{"class":73,"line":144},[71,612,613],{},"{{ end }}\n",[71,615,616],{"class":73,"line":177},[71,617,618],{},"{{ with .Sites.Default.GetPage .Path }}\u003Clink rel=\"alternate\" hreflang=\"x-default\" href=\"{{ .Permalink }}\">{{ end }}\n",[14,620,621,623],{},[57,622,564],{}," includes the page itself, which gives the required self-reference.",[32,625,627],{"id":626},"cause-3-invalid-language-codes","Cause 3: Invalid Language Codes",[14,629,630,631,634,635,638,639,95,642,645,646,649,650,652],{},"The site config used ",[57,632,633],{},"languageCode = \"en_US\""," and ",[57,636,637],{},"\"de_DE\""," — underscores, which are the locale format of some operating systems but not valid in hreflang (BCP 47 uses hyphens). Search engines ignore invalid codes. Changing them to ",[57,640,641],{},"en-US",[57,643,644],{},"de-DE"," and so on fixed 980 errors. The site also reconsidered whether region codes were needed at all: the German content served Germany, Austria and Switzerland equally, so ",[57,647,648],{},"de"," without a region was more accurate than ",[57,651,644],{},", which signals a preference for Germany.",[361,654,655,827],{},[364,656,372,661,372,664,372,667,372,670],{"viewBox":657,"role":367,"ariaLabelledBy":658,"xmlns":371},"0 0 760 270",[659,660],"hrfl-codes-title","hrfl-codes-desc",[374,662,663],{"id":659},"Language codes used in hreflang before and after the fix",[378,665,666],{"id":660},"A matrix of five languages. English was en underscore US, invalid, and became en. German was de underscore DE, invalid, and became de, serving Germany, Austria and Switzerland. French was fr underscore FR, invalid, and became fr. Spanish was es underscore ES and became es. Brazilian Portuguese was pt underscore BR and became pt-BR because the content is specific to Brazil.",[382,668],{"x":384,"y":384,"width":385,"height":669,"fill":387},"270",[389,671,392,672,392,675,392,683,392,689,392,694,392,697,392,700,392,702,392,704,392,707,392,710,392,712,392,714,392,717,392,720,392,722,392,724,392,727,392,730,392,732,392,734,392,737,392,740,392,744,392,749,392,753,392,757,392,761,392,766,392,769,392,772,392,776,392,780,392,782,392,785,392,789,392,793,392,796,392,799,392,803,392,807,392,810,392,813,392,817,392,821,392,824,372],{"style":391},[426,673],{"d":674,"fill":429,"stroke":424,"style":430},"M20.0 86.0 L740.0 86.0",[382,676],{"x":677,"y":678,"width":679,"height":680,"rx":681,"fill":400,"opacity":682,"stroke":402,"style":403},"214.0","90.0","168.7","25.6","5","0.12",[382,684],{"x":685,"y":678,"width":679,"height":680,"rx":681,"fill":686,"opacity":687,"stroke":688,"style":403},"390.7","#8ac926","0.2","#5a8a16",[382,690],{"x":691,"y":678,"width":679,"height":680,"rx":681,"fill":692,"opacity":693,"stroke":692,"style":403},"567.3","#1982c4","0.14",[426,695],{"d":696,"fill":429,"stroke":423,"style":403},"M20.0 119.6 L740.0 119.6",[382,698],{"x":677,"y":699,"width":679,"height":680,"rx":681,"fill":400,"opacity":682,"stroke":402,"style":403},"123.6",[382,701],{"x":685,"y":699,"width":679,"height":680,"rx":681,"fill":686,"opacity":687,"stroke":688,"style":403},[382,703],{"x":691,"y":699,"width":679,"height":680,"rx":681,"fill":692,"opacity":693,"stroke":692,"style":403},[426,705],{"d":706,"fill":429,"stroke":423,"style":403},"M20.0 153.2 L740.0 153.2",[382,708],{"x":677,"y":709,"width":679,"height":680,"rx":681,"fill":400,"opacity":682,"stroke":402,"style":403},"157.2",[382,711],{"x":685,"y":709,"width":679,"height":680,"rx":681,"fill":686,"opacity":687,"stroke":688,"style":403},[382,713],{"x":691,"y":709,"width":679,"height":680,"rx":681,"fill":692,"opacity":693,"stroke":692,"style":403},[426,715],{"d":716,"fill":429,"stroke":423,"style":403},"M20.0 186.8 L740.0 186.8",[382,718],{"x":677,"y":719,"width":679,"height":680,"rx":681,"fill":400,"opacity":682,"stroke":402,"style":403},"190.8",[382,721],{"x":685,"y":719,"width":679,"height":680,"rx":681,"fill":686,"opacity":687,"stroke":688,"style":403},[382,723],{"x":691,"y":719,"width":679,"height":680,"rx":681,"fill":692,"opacity":693,"stroke":692,"style":403},[426,725],{"d":726,"fill":429,"stroke":423,"style":403},"M20.0 220.4 L740.0 220.4",[382,728],{"x":677,"y":729,"width":679,"height":680,"rx":681,"fill":400,"opacity":682,"stroke":402,"style":403},"224.4",[382,731],{"x":685,"y":729,"width":679,"height":680,"rx":681,"fill":686,"opacity":687,"stroke":688,"style":403},[382,733],{"x":691,"y":729,"width":679,"height":680,"rx":681,"fill":692,"opacity":693,"stroke":692,"style":403},[426,735],{"d":736,"fill":429,"stroke":423,"style":403},"M20.0 254.0 L740.0 254.0",[432,738,739],{"x":434,"y":435,"fill":436,"style":437},"Language codes before and after",[432,741,743],{"x":435,"y":742,"fill":436,"style":449},"75.2","Language",[432,745,748],{"x":746,"y":742,"fill":436,"style":747},"298.3","font-size:12px;text-anchor:middle;font-weight:700","Before",[432,750,752],{"x":751,"y":742,"fill":436,"style":747},"475.0","After",[432,754,756],{"x":755,"y":742,"fill":436,"style":747},"651.7","Why",[432,758,760],{"x":435,"y":759,"fill":436,"style":449},"106.4","English",[432,762,765],{"x":746,"y":763,"fill":436,"style":764},"106.2","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:middle","en_US",[432,767,768],{"x":751,"y":763,"fill":436,"style":764},"en",[432,770,771],{"x":755,"y":763,"fill":436,"style":764},"global audience",[432,773,775],{"x":435,"y":774,"fill":436,"style":449},"140.0","German",[432,777,779],{"x":746,"y":778,"fill":436,"style":764},"139.8","de_DE",[432,781,648],{"x":751,"y":778,"fill":436,"style":764},[432,783,784],{"x":755,"y":778,"fill":436,"style":764},"DE, AT and CH",[432,786,788],{"x":435,"y":787,"fill":436,"style":449},"173.6","French",[432,790,792],{"x":746,"y":791,"fill":436,"style":764},"173.4","fr_FR",[432,794,795],{"x":751,"y":791,"fill":436,"style":764},"fr",[432,797,798],{"x":755,"y":791,"fill":436,"style":764},"FR, BE, CH, CA",[432,800,802],{"x":435,"y":801,"fill":436,"style":449},"207.2","Spanish",[432,804,806],{"x":746,"y":805,"fill":436,"style":764},"207.0","es_ES",[432,808,809],{"x":751,"y":805,"fill":436,"style":764},"es",[432,811,812],{"x":755,"y":805,"fill":436,"style":764},"Spain and Latin America",[432,814,816],{"x":435,"y":815,"fill":436,"style":449},"240.8","Portuguese",[432,818,820],{"x":746,"y":819,"fill":436,"style":764},"240.6","pt_BR",[432,822,823],{"x":751,"y":819,"fill":436,"style":764},"pt-BR",[432,825,826],{"x":755,"y":819,"fill":436,"style":764},"Brazil-specific pricing",[488,828,829],{},"Region codes were kept only where the content is genuinely regional.",[32,831,833],{"id":832},"cause-4-alternates-to-pages-that-were-never-built","Cause 4: Alternates to Pages That Were Never Built",[14,835,836,837,840,841,843],{},"410 errors pointed at pages that existed as files but were excluded from the build: drafts, and pages with ",[57,838,839],{},"build.render = \"never\""," in some languages because their translation was incomplete. Hugo's ",[57,842,564],{}," includes pages that will not render in some configurations. Filtering on whether the page is rendered fixed it:",[62,845,847],{"className":594,"code":846,"language":596,"meta":67,"style":67},"{{ range where .AllTranslations \".Draft\" false }}\n  {{ if .IsTranslated | or (eq . $) }}{{\u002F* emit only rendered translations *\u002F}}{{ end }}\n{{ end }}\n",[57,848,849,854,859],{"__ignoreMap":67},[71,850,851],{"class":73,"line":74},[71,852,853],{},"{{ range where .AllTranslations \".Draft\" false }}\n",[71,855,856],{"class":73,"line":110},[71,857,858],{},"  {{ if .IsTranslated | or (eq . $) }}{{\u002F* emit only rendered translations *\u002F}}{{ end }}\n",[71,860,861],{"class":73,"line":144},[71,862,613],{},[14,864,865,866,868],{},"In practice the simpler fix was to stop rendering incomplete translations at all, removing them from ",[57,867,564],{}," entirely, and to show a \"this page is not yet available in German\" notice on the language switcher instead.",[32,870,872],{"id":871},"step-2-test-hreflang-in-ci","Step 2: Test Hreflang in CI",[14,874,875],{},"The crawl script from Step 1 runs in CI against the built output on every pull request and fails on any error. It adds 6 seconds for 9,000 pages. The same output is used to generate an hreflang section in the sitemap, so the HTML and sitemap cannot disagree.",[32,877,879],{"id":878},"step-3-watch-the-effect","Step 3: Watch the Effect",[14,881,882],{},"Search engines recrawl gradually, so the result takes weeks to show. The team tracked two numbers weekly: the share of organic sessions on each language's pages from that language's main countries, and the number of German and French pages where Search Console's inspection reported the English page as Google-selected canonical (sampled weekly on 50 URLs).",[361,884,885,996],{},[364,886,372,891,372,894,372,897,372,900],{"viewBox":887,"role":367,"ariaLabelledBy":888,"xmlns":371},"0 0 760 248",[889,890],"hrfl-effect-title","hrfl-effect-desc",[374,892,893],{"id":889},"Share of organic sessions from each market that landed on the matching language",[378,895,896],{"id":890},"Paired bars, before and eight weeks after the fix. Germany and Austria went from 61 to 89 percent of organic sessions landing on German pages. France went from 70 to 91 percent on French pages. Brazil went from 58 to 87 percent on Portuguese pages.",[382,898],{"x":384,"y":384,"width":385,"height":899,"fill":387},"248",[389,901,392,902,392,909,392,913,392,919,392,923,392,927,392,931,392,935,392,939,392,942,392,945,392,949,392,953,392,957,392,963,392,969,392,972,392,977,392,982,392,986,392,991,372],{"style":391},[382,903],{"x":904,"y":905,"width":906,"height":907,"rx":908,"fill":400,"opacity":401,"stroke":402,"style":403},"281.0","50.0","14.0","12.0","2",[382,910],{"x":911,"y":905,"width":906,"height":907,"rx":908,"fill":686,"opacity":912,"stroke":688,"style":403},"372.6","0.4",[382,914],{"x":915,"y":916,"width":917,"height":918,"rx":399,"fill":400,"opacity":401,"stroke":402,"style":403},"230.0","82.0","314.3","16.0",[382,920],{"x":915,"y":921,"width":922,"height":918,"rx":399,"fill":686,"opacity":912,"stroke":688,"style":403},"102.0","458.6",[382,924],{"x":915,"y":925,"width":926,"height":918,"rx":399,"fill":400,"opacity":401,"stroke":402,"style":403},"134.0","360.7",[382,928],{"x":915,"y":929,"width":930,"height":918,"rx":399,"fill":686,"opacity":912,"stroke":688,"style":403},"154.0","468.9",[382,932],{"x":915,"y":933,"width":934,"height":918,"rx":399,"fill":400,"opacity":401,"stroke":402,"style":403},"186.0","298.9",[382,936],{"x":915,"y":937,"width":938,"height":918,"rx":399,"fill":686,"opacity":912,"stroke":688,"style":403},"206.0","448.3",[426,940],{"d":941,"fill":429,"stroke":424,"style":430},"M230.0 78.0 L230.0 228.0",[432,943,944],{"x":434,"y":435,"fill":436,"style":437},"Sessions landing on the right language",[432,946,748],{"x":947,"y":948,"fill":424,"style":442},"301.0","60.0",[432,950,952],{"x":951,"y":948,"fill":424,"style":442},"392.6","8 weeks after",[432,954,956],{"x":398,"y":955,"fill":436,"style":442},"105.2","DE + AT → German pages",[432,958,962],{"x":959,"y":960,"fill":448,"style":961},"551.3","94.5","font-size:11.5px;text-anchor:start;font-weight:700","61%",[432,964,968],{"x":965,"y":966,"fill":967,"style":961},"695.6","114.5","#3f6410","89%",[432,970,971],{"x":398,"y":709,"fill":436,"style":442},"FR → French pages",[432,973,976],{"x":974,"y":975,"fill":448,"style":961},"597.7","146.5","70%",[432,978,981],{"x":979,"y":980,"fill":967,"style":961},"705.9","166.5","91%",[432,983,985],{"x":398,"y":984,"fill":436,"style":442},"209.2","BR → Portuguese pages",[432,987,990],{"x":988,"y":989,"fill":448,"style":961},"535.9","198.5","58%",[432,992,995],{"x":993,"y":994,"fill":967,"style":961},"685.3","218.5","87%",[488,997,998],{},"Analytics, organic search sessions by country, four-week windows before the fix and eight weeks after.",[32,1000,1002],{"id":1001},"language-switchers-and-hreflang-should-agree","Language Switchers and Hreflang Should Agree",[14,1004,1005,1006,1008],{},"While fixing the tags, the team found the visible language switcher had its own logic: it linked to the target language's home page whenever it could not find a translation by URL pattern, which was most of the time for pages with localised slugs. Readers on the English pricing page clicking \"Deutsch\" landed on the German home page, not on \"Preise\". Rebuilding the switcher from the same ",[57,1007,564],{}," data as the hreflang tags fixed it, and made the two impossible to drift apart again. The switcher now shows a language as unavailable rather than silently sending readers somewhere else, and the CI crawl checks that every switcher link matches an hreflang alternate on the same page.",[14,1010,1011],{},"This matters beyond search. Readers who follow a search result to the wrong language often look for the switcher next; if it sends them to a home page, many leave. After the fix, exits from English pages within ten seconds by visitors from German-speaking countries fell from 22% to 14%.",[32,1013,1015],{"id":1014},"measured-impact","Measured Impact",[1017,1018,1019,1036],"table",{},[1020,1021,1022],"thead",{},[1023,1024,1025,1029,1031,1033],"tr",{},[1026,1027,1028],"th",{},"Measure",[1026,1030,748],{},[1026,1032,752],{},[1026,1034,1035],{},"Tool",[1037,1038,1039,1053,1065,1079,1091],"tbody",{},[1023,1040,1041,1045,1048,1050],{},[1042,1043,1044],"td",{},"Hreflang errors on built site",[1042,1046,1047],{},"6,840",[1042,1049,384],{},[1042,1051,1052],{},"CI crawl script",[1023,1054,1055,1058,1060,1062],{},[1042,1056,1057],{},"Audit crawl hreflang issues",[1042,1059,1047],{},[1042,1061,384],{},[1042,1063,1064],{},"Screaming Frog",[1023,1066,1067,1070,1073,1076],{},[1042,1068,1069],{},"Sampled DE\u002FFR pages with English as Google canonical",[1042,1071,1072],{},"19 of 50",[1042,1074,1075],{},"1 of 50",[1042,1077,1078],{},"URL Inspection",[1023,1080,1081,1084,1086,1088],{},[1042,1082,1083],{},"German-market sessions on German pages",[1042,1085,962],{},[1042,1087,968],{},[1042,1089,1090],{},"Analytics",[1023,1092,1093,1096,1099,1102],{},[1042,1094,1095],{},"CI time added",[1042,1097,1098],{},"—",[1042,1100,1101],{},"6 s",[1042,1103,1104],{},"CI logs",[32,1106,1108],{"id":1107},"pitfalls-rollback","Pitfalls & Rollback",[37,1110,1111,1118,1124,1130,1136],{},[40,1112,1113,1117],{},[1114,1115,1116],"strong",{},"Matching translations by file name."," Set a translation key whenever names differ.",[40,1119,1120,1123],{},[1114,1121,1122],{},"Building alternate URLs by string concatenation."," Use the same permalink function as the canonical tag.",[40,1125,1126,1129],{},[1114,1127,1128],{},"Underscore language codes."," Hreflang needs BCP 47 codes with hyphens.",[40,1131,1132,1135],{},[1114,1133,1134],{},"Linking to unbuilt translations."," Only list pages that exist in the output.",[40,1137,1138,1141],{},[1114,1139,1140],{},"Rollback:"," the changes are in one partial, the language config and front matter keys; reverting them restores the old tags, and the CI check would flag the errors again.",[32,1143,1145],{"id":1144},"conclusion","Conclusion",[14,1147,1148],{},"Hreflang errors on a static site come from a few template and content patterns, multiplied across every page: translations not linked by key, alternate URLs that differ from canonicals, invalid language codes and links to unbuilt pages. Fixing four causes cleared 6,840 errors, and eight weeks later German readers landed on German pages 89% of the time instead of 61%.",[32,1150,1152],{"id":1151},"faq","FAQ",[1154,1155,1157],"h3",{"id":1156},"what-does-no-return-tags-mean-in-hreflang-reports","What does no return tags mean in hreflang reports?",[14,1159,1160],{},"Page A declares page B as its alternate in another language, but page B does not declare page A back. Search engines ignore hreflang pairs that are not reciprocal. On static sites it usually happens when a translation exists only in one direction, when URLs differ by a trailing slash, or when one language's template generates alternates differently from another's.",[1154,1162,1164],{"id":1163},"should-hreflang-point-to-the-canonical-url","Should hreflang point to the canonical URL?",[14,1166,1167],{},"Yes. Every URL in an hreflang set should be the canonical URL of its page, returning 200, with no redirect. Pointing at a URL that redirects, or at a page whose canonical tag names a different URL, makes the annotation ambiguous and it is typically ignored.",[1154,1169,1171],{"id":1170},"do-i-need-x-default","Do I need x-default?",[14,1173,1174],{},"It is optional but useful. x-default names the page to show when no language in the set matches the user, commonly a language picker or the English version. Without it, search engines choose on their own. Include it on every page in the set, pointing to the same URL.",[1154,1176,1178],{"id":1177},"where-should-hreflang-go-on-a-static-site-html-or-sitemap","Where should hreflang go on a static site, HTML or sitemap?",[14,1180,1181],{},"Either works, and both together is fine if they agree. HTML link tags are easiest to generate in templates and to test per page. Sitemap annotations keep HTML smaller on sites with many languages. Choose one as the source of truth and generate both from the same data if you use both.",[32,1183,1185],{"id":1184},"related","Related",[37,1187,1188,1197,1202,1209,1216],{},[40,1189,1190,1193,1194,1196],{},[1114,1191,1192],{},"Parent:"," ",[21,1195,24],{"href":23}," — URL structure, routing and translation workflows.",[40,1198,1199,1201],{},[21,1200,29],{"href":28}," — generating hreflang correctly from the start.",[40,1203,1204,1208],{},[21,1205,1207],{"href":1206},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Fmultilingual-sites-with-hugo\u002F","Multilingual Sites with Hugo"," — Hugo's language configuration.",[40,1210,1211,1215],{},[21,1212,1214],{"href":1213},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Ftechnical-seo-for-static-sites\u002Fcanonical-urls-and-duplicate-content-on-static-sites\u002F","Canonical URLs and Duplicate Content on Static Sites"," — the canonical tags hreflang must match.",[40,1217,1218,1222],{},[21,1219,1221],{"href":1220},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Fsubdirectories-vs-subdomains-for-translated-static-sites\u002F","Subdirectories vs Subdomains for Translated Static Sites"," — the URL structure these tags describe.",[1224,1225,1226],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .szBVR, html code.shiki .szBVR{--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sVt8B, html code.shiki .sVt8B{--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sj4cs, html code.shiki .sj4cs{--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html pre.shiki code .sScJk, html code.shiki .sScJk{--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sZZnC, html code.shiki .sZZnC{--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}html pre.shiki code .sA_wV, html code.shiki .sA_wV{--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#DBEDFF}html .default .shiki span {color: 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.s9eBZ{--shiki-default:#22863A;--shiki-dark:#85E89D}",{"title":67,"searchDepth":110,"depth":110,"links":1228},[1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1247],{"id":34,"depth":110,"text":35},{"id":51,"depth":110,"text":52},{"id":493,"depth":110,"text":494},{"id":568,"depth":110,"text":569},{"id":626,"depth":110,"text":627},{"id":832,"depth":110,"text":833},{"id":871,"depth":110,"text":872},{"id":878,"depth":110,"text":879},{"id":1001,"depth":110,"text":1002},{"id":1014,"depth":110,"text":1015},{"id":1107,"depth":110,"text":1108},{"id":1144,"depth":110,"text":1145},{"id":1151,"depth":110,"text":1152,"children":1242},[1243,1244,1245,1246],{"id":1156,"depth":144,"text":1157},{"id":1163,"depth":144,"text":1164},{"id":1170,"depth":144,"text":1171},{"id":1177,"depth":144,"text":1178},{"id":1184,"depth":110,"text":1185},[1249,1251,1254,1255],{"name":1250,"item":290},"Home",{"name":1252,"item":1253},"Choosing the Right Static Site Generator for Production","\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002F",{"name":24,"item":23},{"name":5,"item":1256},"\u002Fchoosing-the-right-static-site-generator-for-production\u002Finternationalization-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-hreflang-errors-reported-in-search-console\u002F","2026-10-02","Diagnose missing return links, wrong language codes and non-canonical targets in hreflang on a static site, fix them in the templates, and test them in 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HTML",{"path":1704,"title":1705},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcdn-caching-rules-for-ssgs\u002Ftiered-caching-and-origin-shield","Tiered Caching and Origin Shield",{"path":1707,"title":1708},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fcode-splitting-and-module-preload-in-vite-based-ssgs","Code Splitting and Module Preload in Vite-Based SSGs",{"path":1710,"title":1711},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ffixing-missing-tailwind-classes-in-production-builds","Fixing Missing Tailwind Classes in Production Builds",{"path":1713,"title":1714},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ffixing-unused-javascript-warnings-on-static-pages","Fixing Unused JavaScript Warnings on Static Pages",{"path":1716,"title":1717},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization","CSS and JavaScript Asset Optimization",{"path":1719,"title":1720},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Finlining-critical-css-on-static-sites","Inlining Critical CSS on Static Sites",{"path":1722,"title":1723},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fkeeping-tailwind-css-output-small-on-static-sites","Keeping Tailwind CSS Output Small on Static Sites",{"path":1725,"title":1726},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fminifying-html-css-and-js-in-eleventy","Minifying HTML, CSS and JS in Eleventy",{"path":1728,"title":1729},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fprecompressing-assets-with-brotli-and-zstd","Precompressing Assets with Brotli and Zstd",{"path":1731,"title":1732},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fpurging-unused-css-with-tailwind-and-lightningcss","Purging Unused CSS with Tailwind and Lightning CSS",{"path":1734,"title":1735},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Fsvg-icon-sprites-vs-inline-icons","SVG Icon Sprites vs Inline Icons",{"path":1737,"title":1738},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fcss-and-javascript-asset-optimization\u002Ftailwind-v4-in-astro-without-postcss-plugins","Tailwind v4 in Astro Without PostCSS 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Embeds",{"path":1776,"title":1777},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Fauditing-font-payload-per-page","Auditing Font Payload per Page",{"path":1779,"title":1780},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Ffixing-invisible-text-while-web-fonts-load","Fixing Invisible Text While Web Fonts Load",{"path":1782,"title":1783},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites\u002Ffont-display-optional-vs-swap","font-display: optional vs swap",{"path":1785,"title":1786},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Ffont-loading-strategies-for-static-sites","Font Loading Strategies for Static 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Element",{"path":1812,"title":1813},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fblur-up-placeholders-with-lqip","Blur-Up Placeholders with LQIP",{"path":1815,"title":1816},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fbuilding-an-image-cdn-pipeline-for-static-sites","Building an Image CDN Pipeline for Static Sites",{"path":1818,"title":1819},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fcaching-processed-images-between-builds","Caching Processed Images Between Builds",{"path":1821,"title":1822},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Ffixing-blurry-images-from-astro-assets-resizing","Fixing Blurry Images From astro:assets Resizing",{"path":1824,"title":1825},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fgenerating-open-graph-images-at-build-time","Generating Open Graph Images at Build Time",{"path":1827,"title":1828},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro","Image Optimization Pipelines in Astro",{"path":1830,"title":1831},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Flazy-loading-images-without-hurting-lcp","Lazy-Loading Images Without Hurting LCP",{"path":1833,"title":1834},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Foptimizing-webp-images-in-hugo-without-plugins","Optimizing WebP Images in Hugo Without Plugins",{"path":1836,"title":1837},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fresponsive-images-with-srcset-in-eleventy","Responsive Images with srcset in Eleventy",{"path":1839,"title":1840},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fserving-astro-images-through-cloudflare-image-resizing","Serving Astro Images Through Cloudflare Image Resizing",{"path":1842,"title":1843},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fimage-optimization-pipelines-in-astro\u002Fserving-avif-with-fallbacks-on-static-sites","Serving AVIF With Fallbacks on Static Sites",{"path":1845,"title":1846},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs","Core Web Vitals Optimization for SSGs",{"path":1848,"title":1849},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fastro-islands-vs-full-hydration-performance","Astro Islands vs Full Hydration Performance",{"path":1851,"title":1852},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fbreaking-up-long-tasks-on-static-sites","Breaking Up Long Tasks on Static Sites",{"path":1854,"title":1855},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Fdeferring-hydration-with-client-visible-in-astro","Deferring Hydration with client:visible in Astro",{"path":1857,"title":1858},"\u002Fperformance-optimization-core-web-vitals-for-ssgs\u002Fjavascript-hydration-partial-rendering\u002Ffixing-hydration-mismatch-errors-in-astro-islands","Fixing Hydration Mismatch Errors in Astro 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